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Dr. Pham Huynh Tram Department of ISE Phtram@hcmiu - Edu.vn

The document discusses quality control charts for monitoring manufacturing processes. It introduces the basics of probability, statistics, and control charts. Control charts can identify common and special causes of variation to determine if a process is stable or out of control. The document provides examples of control chart rules and types including X-bar, R, and P charts. It stresses that processes should be adjusted based on control chart data, not just individual observations, to continuously improve quality.

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Ngọc Nhung Vũ
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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47 views

Dr. Pham Huynh Tram Department of ISE Phtram@hcmiu - Edu.vn

The document discusses quality control charts for monitoring manufacturing processes. It introduces the basics of probability, statistics, and control charts. Control charts can identify common and special causes of variation to determine if a process is stable or out of control. The document provides examples of control chart rules and types including X-bar, R, and P charts. It stresses that processes should be adjusted based on control chart data, not just individual observations, to continuously improve quality.

Uploaded by

Ngọc Nhung Vũ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dr.

Pham Huynh Tram


Department of ISE
phtram@hcmiu.edu.vn
Review of basic probability & statistics
- Probability
- Types of data
- Describing data
Stabilizing and improving a process with control
charts
- Needs of control chart
- Structure of control chart
- Rules of identifying out-of-control point
- Possible mistakes un using control chart

Example: a bin contains 4000 screws; 2000 are good and
2000 are defective

What is the probability of drawing a defective screw?
- Classical probability
- Relative frequency probability
- Difference?
Sub-
group
No. of
defective
Fraction of
defective
Cummulative
no. of
defective
Cummulative
no. of screw
Cummulative
of fraction
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Subgroup size :50
Pupose of collecting data?
Attribute data
- Classificaion of items into categories. Eg.: grade A, B, C
- Counts of the number of items in a given category or a
proportion in a given category
- Counts of the number of occurrences per unit. Eg.: no. of
defects per batch, no. of sales per month
Variables (measurment) data
- Measurement of a characteristic. Eg.: length of time to
resolve customer complaint, weights of boxes of detergent
- Computation of Numerical Value from two or more
measurements of variables data. Eg.: computation of a
rectangular containe, km per litre for each truck
For frequency distribution
Tabular displays
Graphical displays
- Histogram (variable data)
- Bar chart (attribute data)
- Ogive
- Run chart


The number of intervals
influences the pattern, shape, or spread
of your Histogram.
The width of the bar chart has no
significance
Run chart
Measures of central tendency:
Mean, median, mode, proportion

Measures of variability
Range, Standard diviation

Measures of shape
Skewness, kurtosis
Mode = 16
The mode is the most frequently occurring value. It is the value
with the highest frequency.
Given a data set:
9, 10, 6, 12, 16, 14, 19, 20, 14, 15, 22, 24, 13, 16, 17, 5, 17, 18,
19, 18, 16, 22
The mean of a set of observations is their
average - the sum of the observed values divided
by the number of observations.
Population Mean
Sample Mean
=
=

x
N
i
N
1
x
x
n
i
n
=
=

1
Range
Difference between maximum and minimum values
Variance
Mean
*
squared deviation from the mean
Standard Deviation
Square root of the variance
-
Definitions of population variance and sample variance differ slightly.
Population Variance Sample Variance
( )
N
N
x
x
N
x
N
i
N
i
N
i
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
=

o
2
o o =
( )
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2

|
.
|

\
|

=
=
=
n
n
x
x
n
x x
s
n
i
n
i
n
i
2
s s=
Find the sample mean and sample variance for
the following series of data:
Value
21
12
34
22
17
18
43
28
56
34
12
Practice with Calculator !!
Skewness
Measure of asymmetry of a frequency distribution
Skewed to left
Symmetric or unskewed
Skewed to right
Kurtosis
Measure of flatness or peakedness of a frequency
distribution
Platykurtic (relatively flat)
Mesokurtic (normal)
Leptokurtic (relatively peaked)
Skewed to left
6 0 0 5 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
0
x
F

r
e

q

u
e

n
c

y

Mean < median < mode
Mean = median = mode
6 0 0 5 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0
x
3 0
2 0
1 0
0
F

r
e

q

u
e

n
c

y

Symmetric
Mode < median < mean
6 0 0 5 0 0 4 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0
x
3 0
2 0
1 0
0
F

r
e

q

u
e

n
c

y

Skewed to right
3 . 7 2 . 9 2 . 1 1 . 3 0 . 5 - 0 . 3 - 1 . 1 - 1 . 9 - 2 . 7 - 3 . 5
7 0 0
6 0 0
5 0 0
4 0 0
3 0 0
2 0 0
1 0 0
0
X
F

r
e

q

u

e

n

c

y

Platykurtic - flat distribution
4 3 2 1 0 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4
5 0 0
4 0 0
3 0 0
2 0 0
1 0 0
0
X
F

r
e

q

u

e

n

c

y

Mesokurtic - not too flat and not too peaked
Leptokurtic - peaked distribution
1 0 0 - 1 0
2 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0
Y
F

r
e

q

u

e

n

c

y

Normal distribution
Calculate probability
Skewed distribution
Unknown distribution
K = 1

K=2


K=3
6826 . 0 ) 1 1 ( = + < < o o X P
9544 . 0 ) 2 2 ( = + < < o o X P
9973 . 0 ) 3 3 ( = + < < o o X P
1
1
2
1
1
4
3
4
75%
1
1
3
1
1
9
8
9
89%
1
1
4
1
1
16
15
16
94%
2
2
2
= = =
= = =
= = =
At least of the elements of any distribution
lie within k standard deviations of the mean
|
.
|

\
|

2
1
1
k
At
least
Lie
within
Standard
deviations
of the mean
2



3


4
Control charts are constructed by drawing samples and
taking measurements of a process characteristics. Each set
of measurements is called a subgroup
Control charts help to
- identify and differentiate between common causes and
special causes of variation
- determine a processs capability
Process is stable if it only exhibits common cause variation
When a process is stable, continuous improvement helps to
bring the centerline of the process closer to a desired level
(nominal) by reducing the magnitude of common cause
variations
-Centerline: drawn at the average value of all the plotted data.

-Control Limits (UCL, LCL): set at a distance of 3 sigma above and 3
sigma below the centerline. They indicate variation from the centerline
* Difference between control limits and specification limits?
27
29
30
31
32

Rule 5: 8 or more successive values continually increase
or decrease

Rule 6: unusual small number of runs above and below
center line are present ( a sawtooth pattern)

Rule 7: 13 consecutive points fall in zone C
Over adjustment
Process should be adjusted not on the basis of time-to-
time observations, but on the basis of information
provided by a statistical control chart
Funnel experiment
Under adjustment
Lack of attention when the process is out of control and
no effort is made to provide neccesary regulation

*Also, becareful on false out-of control signal

Defect prevention: atribute chart
P chart, mp chart, c chart, u chart
Continuous improvement: variable control chart
X bar chart, R chart, MR chart, s chart

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