Telecom Scenario

Mobile Telecommunication is one of the

fastest growing & most demanding of all
telecommunication technologies.

In many cases ,cellular solutions

successfully compete with traditional wire
line N\W and cordless telephones.

In future ,cellular systems employing

Digital technology will become the
uniersal method of telecommunication.
!b"ect of training

What is #$M.

%olution of #$M.

&undamental of #$M

'rchitecture of #$M

%stablishment of Networ(

&undamental of )adio *ropagation

+all flow
,istory of Wireless
+ommunication

-./01,uman oice was successfully transmitted

oer )'DI!.

-.2-1Detroit police dept. used 2 Mh3 fre4uency in

ehicular mobile radio.

-.5/1'mplitude Modulation was inented

-.56777&re4uency Modulation was inented

8improed audio 4uality9.

-.:;1<ell labs. %nisions the cellular concepts.

-..-1first digital cellular standard 8#$M9 is

launched

-..=1No. of subscriber world wide has grown to

oer 2// million.
#$M
#$M carriers are spaced 2// (,3.
'part In the <T$ downlin( signal,
Different timeslots belong to different
users 7 a mobile listens only to its
recurring timeslots
. During unused timeslots, a
mobile can measure the signal
strength of surrounding <T$s to
guide the handoer process
The mobile on its uplin( transmits
only during its assigned timeslots
. Mobiles transmit only during
their own timeslots
. Mobile transmit timeslots occur
three timeslots after the
corresponding <T$ transmit
Timeslot . This aoids simultaneous
mobile T>?)> and the need
for duple@er at the mobile
*erformance characteristics of
#$M
+ommunication
mobile, wireless communicationA support for oice and data
serices
Total mobility
international access,
Worldwide connectiity
,igh capacity
better fre4uency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per
cell
,igh transmission 4uality
high audio 4uality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted
phone calls at higher speeds 8e.g., from cars, trains9
$ecurity functions
access control, authentication
#%N%)'TI!N !& #$M

-
st
generationB7 'nalog mobile technologies B7 'M*$ , T'+$ &
NMT.

2
nd
generationB7 digital mobile technologies B7 #$M , +DM'

2.6generationB7 %nhancement of #$MB7 #*)$

5
rd
generationB7 Technologies coursed by ITC7IMT
The following table lists the (ey eents in the #$M eolution
YEAR EVENT TOOK PLACE
1982 CEPT adopts ARC !9 recommendation allocatin" 89#$91% &'( and
9)%$9*# &'( +or land mo,ile
-S& created to set standard
198% EEC s.pports -S& standards t/ro."/o.t comm.nit0
198! 1i"ital Tec/nolo"0 standards set +or T1&A2 speec/ codin"2 c/annel3
and mod.lation met/od4
Telecomm.nication carriers +rom 15 E.ropean co.ntries si"n
&emorand.m o+ 6nderstandin" 7&O68 and a"ree to install s0stem in
1991
1988 9nd.strial de:elopment started
1989 Acceptance o+ -S&$18## s0stem2 ;it/ -S& as standard
1991 <irst s0stem deplo0ed 7=.l08
1992 <irst -S& terminals recei:e interim t0pe appro:al
199) <irst -S&$18## net;or> la.nc/ed
199% <irst -S&$19## net;or> in 6S ? Canada
#$M $T'ND')D$
-S&$9## Standard
The #$M7.// standard is a standard for digital oice transmission in the .// M,3 band.
This so called Dprimar0 ,andE includes two sub bands of 26 M,3

#$M7-=// $tandard
In #$M7-=//, -=// M,3 band was allocated for digital mobile telephone serices which has
fre4uency of ;6 M,3. This was three times the bandwidth allocated for #$M7.//.
#$M7-.// $tandard
#$M7-.// is the standard for the -.//M,3 band. It includes the same networ( component
as the #$M7.// or #$M7-=//. The band width of this standard is 0/ M,3.
-S& C/annels@Carriers
The following table will show the channels and carriers of different #$M models
ADVANTAGES OF GSM 900
Double the coverage as compared to GSM!00"
#o$ propogat%o& losses"
'etter Solut%o& (or )%gh$a* a&d surrou&d%&g v%llage coverage"
MS po$er output o( +, compared to 0"!, o( GSM!00" )e&ce
better -pl%&. /ual%t* %& (r%&ge areas"
ADVANTAGES OF GSM!00
Small 0ell rad%us ma.es %t a& %deal capac%t* solut%o&"
)o$ever1 due to h%gher propogat%o& losses1 more &umber o(
s%tes are re/u%red 2appro3" "45+ t%mes that o( GSM9006
#$M .// Fs #$M -=//
Area t0pe -S& 18## Sites
,igh Traffic area -.2G-.6 @ #$M .// sites
Medium Traffic area -.6G2 @ #$M .// sites
How Traffic area 2G2.6 @ #$M .// sites
,ighways 2G5 @ #$M .// sites
$mall Towns 8upto -/ s4. Ims9 %4ual to #$M.// sites
#$M .// Fs #$M -=//

#*)$7Wireless Data $erices .

%D#%1*roides 5 times the data

capacity of #*)$.

5#777Cses W+DM' technologies !er

'ir interface 86M,39.
P$-S&
9##
E$-S&
9##
R$-S&
9##
-S&
18##
-S&
19##
6plin> +reA.enc0 89#$91%
&'(
88#$91%
&'(
88*$91%
&'(
1!1#$
1!8%
&'(
18%#$
191#
&'(
1o;n lin>
+reA.enc0
9)%$9*#
&'(
92%$9*#
&'(
9)1$9*#
&'(
18#%$
188#
&'(
19)#$
199#
&'(
C/annel spacin" 2## >'( 2## >'( 2## >'( 2##
>'(
2## >'(
Carrier
<reA.enc0
125 1!5 155 )!5 299
1.pleB spacin" 5% &'C 5% &'C 5% &'C 9%
&'C
8# &'C
$pectrum
#$M uses paired radio channels
0 124 0 124
890MHz 915MHz 935MHz 960MHz
U
P
L
I
N
K
D
O
W
N
L
I
N
K
Technology

<1&A 7<reA.enc0 di:ision &.ltiple

Access8

T1&A 7Time di:ision &.ltiple

Access8
<1&A 7<reA.enc0 di:ision &.ltiple Access8
In &DM', signals from arious users are assigned different
fre4uencies. &re4uency guard bands are maintained between
ad"acent signal spectra to minimi3e crosstal( between channels.
Ad:anta"es o+ <1&A
-. +apacity increase can be obtained by reducing the information bit
rate and using efficient digital codes.
2. Technological adances re4uired for implementation are simple.
' system can be configured so that improement in terms of
speech code bit rate reduction could be readily incorporated.
1isad:anta"es o+ <1&A
The ma@imum bit rate per channel is fi@ed and low, inhibiting the
fle@ibility in bit7rate capability that is needed for computer file
transfers.
19<<ERENT TYPE O< TEC'NOLO-9ES 6SE1 9N -S&
&re4uency Multiple@
(
2
(
5
(
:
(
6
(
0
(
-
f
t
c

$eparation of the whole spectrum into smaller fre4uency bands

' channel gets a certain band of the

spectrum for the whole time

'dantagesB

no dynamic coordination
necessary

wor(s also for analog signals

DisadantagesB

waste of bandwidth
if the traffic is
distributed uneenly

infle@ible

guard spaces
In a TDM' system, data from each user is coneyed in time interals
called DTime slotsE. $eeral slots ma(e up a frame . %ach slot is
made up of a preamble plus information bits addressed to arious
stations .the functions of the preamble are to proide identification
and incidental information and to allow synchroni3ation of the slot at
the intended receier .#uard times are used between each userJs
transmission to minimi3e crosstal( between channels.
'dantage of TDM'
-9 TDM' permits a fle@ible bit rate.
29 TDM' offers the opportunity for frame7by7frame monitoring of the
signal strength and bit error rates.
59 TDM' transmits each signal with sufficient guard time between
time slots.
T1&A 7T9&E 19V9S9ON &6LT9PLE ACCESS8
f
t
c
(
2
(
5
(
:
(
6
(
0
(
-
Time multiple@

' channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain amount

of time

'dantagesB

only one carrier in the

medium at any time

throughput high een

for many users

DisadantagesB

precise
synchroni3ation
necessary
f
Time and &re4uency Multiple@

+ombination of both methods

' channel gets a certain fre4uency band for a certain

amount of time
t
c
(
2
(
5
(
:
(
6
(
0
(
-
f
Time and &re4uency Multiple@
t
c
(
2
(
5
(
:
(
6
(
0
(
-

%@ampleB #$M

'dantagesB

<etter protection against

tapping

*rotection against fre4uency

selectie interference

,igher data rates compared to

code multiple@

<utB precise coordination re4uired

Farious 'ccess Method
+ells
+apacity & $pectrum Ctili3ation $olution
The needB

!ptimum
spectrum usage

More capacity

,igh 4uality of
serice

How cost
9 ;is/ 9 co.ld increase capacit0
;it/o.t adding N%W <T$K
What can I doL
Networ( capacity at re4uired Mo$
with conentional fre4uency plan
S.,scri,er
"ro;t/
Time
O.t o+
Capacit0FFF
)epresentation of +ells
Ideal cells Fictitious cells
+ell si3e and capacity

+ell si3e determines number of cells

aailable to coer geographic area and
8with fre4uency reuse9 the total capacity
aailable to all users

+apacity within cell limited by aailable

bandwidth and operational
re4uirements

%ach networ( operator has to si3e cells

to handle e@pected traffic demand
+ell structure

Implements space diision multiple@B base station coers a

certain transmission area 8cell9

Mobile stations communicate only ia the base station

'dantages of cell structuresB

higher capacity, higher number of users

less transmission power needed

more robust, decentrali3ed

base station deals with interference, transmission area etc.

locally

*roblemsB

fi@ed networ( needed for the base stations

handoer 8changing from one cell to another9 necessary

interference with other cells

+ell si3es from some -// m in cities to, e.g., 56 (m on the

country side 8#$M9 7 een less for higher fre4uencies
Sectori(ation

The problem with employing omni7directional cells 8)adiate waes

to 50/ degrees9 is that as the number of M$s increases in the same
geographical region, we hae to increase the number of cells to
meet the demand.

To gain a further increase in capacity within the geographic area we

can employ a techni4ue called Dsectori3ationN. $ectori3ation splits a
single site into a number of cells, each cell has transmit and receie
antennas and behaes as an independent cell.

This has a number of adantagesB firstly, as we are now

concentrating all the energy from the cell in a smaller area 0/, -2/,
-=/ degrees instead of 50/ degrees, we get a much stronger signal,
which is beneficial in locations such as Din7building coerageN.

$econdly, we can now use the same fre4uencies in a much closer

re7use pattern, thus allowing more cells in our geographic region
which allows us to support more M$s.
'ntenna types
Directional antennas are useful for coering long streets and hae
the
following adantagesB
7%@tra gain in the forward direction.
7$uppressed signal in the reerse direction, this is a useful
characteristic if the cell is a potential interferer with another
cell located behind it.
7It is also worth noting that a directional antenna could be
used to improe in7building coerage, in specific buildings,
within the micro cell area.
!mni antennas are useful for coering open areas 8for
e@ample s4uares, pla3as9. In these areas, it is desirable to
hae a clearly designated Obest sererJ cell to aoid e@cessie
handoers and their attendant problems
&re4uency )euse
The spectrum allocated for a cellular
networ( is limited. 's a result there is a
limit to the number of channels or
fre4uencies that can be used. &or this
reason each fre4uency is used
simultaneously by multiple base7mobile
pairs. This fre4uency reuse allows a much
higher subscriber density per M,3 of
spectrum than other system. $ystem
capacity can be further increased by
reducing the cell si3e down to radii as
small as 2//m
; cell re7use pattern
f
7
f
7
f
2
f
2
f
6
f
6
f
1
f
5
f
3
f
4
f
1
f
5
f
3
f
4
Frequency Reuse
#$M 'rchitecture
+omponent groups of a #$M networ(

The principle component groups of a #$M networ( areB

T/e &o,ile Station 7&S8

The M$ consists of two parts, the Mobile %4uipment 8M%9 and an electronic Osmart
cardJ called a $ubscriber Identity module 8$IM9.
The M% is the hardware used by the subscriber to access the networ(. The hardware
has an identity number associated with it, which is uni4ue for that particular deice and
permanently stored in it. This identity number is called the International Mobile
%4uipment Identity 8IM%I9 and enables the networ( operator to identify mobile e4uipment
which may be causing problems on the system.
The $IM is a card which plugs into the M%. This card identifies the M$ subscriber and
also proides other information regarding the serice that subscriber should receie. The
subscriber is identified by an identity number called the International Mobile $ubscriber
Identity 8IM$I9.

T/e Gase Station S0stem 7GSS8

This is the part of the networ( which proides the radio interconnection from the M$ to the
land7based switching e4uipment.
Types of M$
NoteGSM 3W & DM! 800"W
Mobile $tation

M!<IH% $T'TI!N 8M$9 B7
The mobile station 8M$9 represents the
terminal e4uipment used by the
wireless subscriber supported by the
#$M Wireless system.
The $IM may be a remoable module,
while the e4uipment identity is not
lin(ed to a particular subscriber.
&unctions of a Mobile $tation B7

)adio transmission termination.

)adio +hannel Management.

$peech %ncoding?Decoding

)adio Hin( error *rotection.

&low control of data.

Mobility Management.
$IM
The $IM contains seeral pieces of informationB
International Mobile $ubscriber Identity 8IM$I9
T/is n.m,er identi+ies t/e &S s.,scri,er4 9t is onl0 transmitted o:er t/e air d.rin"
initiali(ation4 T/e 9&S9 identi+ies t/e s.,scri,er ;it/in t/e -S& net;or> ;/ile t/e &S
9S1N is t/e act.al telep/one n.m,er a caller 7possi,l0 in anot/er net;or>8
.ses to reac/ t/at person4
Sec.rit0 is pro:ided ,0 t/e .se o+ an a.t/entication >e0 7eBplained later in
t/is section8 and ,0 t/e transmission o+ a temporar0 s.,scri,er identit0
7T&S98 across t/e radio inter+ace ;/ere possi,le to a:oid .sin" t/e permanent
9&S9 identit04
Temporary Mobile $ubscriber Identity 8TM$I9
T/is n.m,er identi+ies t/e s.,scri,er2 it is periodicall0 c/an"ed ,0 t/e s0stem
mana"ement to protect t/e s.,scri,er +rom ,ein" identi+ied ,0 someone
attemptin" to monitor t/e radio inter+ace4
Hocation 'rea Identity 8H'I9
9denti+ies t/e c.rrent location o+ t/e s.,scri,er4
$ubscriber 'uthentication Iey 8Ii9
T/is is .sed to a.t/enticate t/e S9& card4
Mobile $tation International $erices Digital Networ( 8M$I$DN9
T/is is t/e telep/one n.m,er o+ t/e mo,ile s.,scri,er4 9t is comprised o+ a co.ntr0
code2 a net;or> code and a s.,scri,er n.m,er4
GASE STAT9ON SYSTE& 7GSS8 3$ 7GSCHGTS8
T/e GSS consists o+ t/ree maIor /ard;are components3
18 T/e Gase Transcei:er Station J GTS
T/e GTS contains t/e R< components t/at pro:ide t/e air inter+ace +or a partic.lar cell
4T/is is t/e part o+ t/e -S& net;or> ;/ic/ comm.nicates ;it/ t/e &S4 T/e
antenna is incl.ded as part o+ t/e GTS4
28 T/e Gase Station Controller J GSC
T/e GSC as its name implies pro:ides t/e control +or t/e GSS4 T/e GSC comm.nicates
directl0 ;it/ t/e &SC4 T/e GSC ma0 control sin"le or m.ltiple GTS4 T/e GSC
s;itc/in" matriB also allo;s t/e GSC to per+orm D/ando:ersE ,et;een radio
c/annels on GTSs2 .nder its control2 ;it/o.t in:ol:in" t/e &SC4
)8 T/e Transcoder J KC1R
T/e Transcoder 7KC1R8 is reA.ired to con:ert t/e speec/ or data o.tp.t +rom t/e &SC
7*5 >,it@s PC&82 into t/e +orm speci+ied ,0 -S& speci+ications +or transmission
o:er t/e air inter+ace2 t/at is2 ,et;een t/e GSS and &S 7*5 >,it@s to 1* >,it@s and
:ice :ersa8
GSC
T/e GSS is responsi,le +or comm.nicatin" ;it/ mo,ile stations in cell areas4
One GSC controls one or more GTSLs and can per+orm inter$GTS and intra$GTS
/ando:er4 As ;e /a:e mentioned2 a GSC ma0 control se:eral GTSs2 t/e maBim.m
n.m,er o+
GTSs ;/ic/ ma0 ,e controlled ,0 one GSC is not speci+ied ,0 -S&4
$ Eac/ PL&N S/o.ld /a:e at least one 'LR
$ One VLR is connected to se:eral &SC 2,.t one &SC /as one VLR
C/aracteristics o+ t/e Gase Station S0stem 7GSS8 are 3

T/e GSS is responsi,le +or comm.nicatin" ;it/ mo,ile stations in cell areas4

One GSC controls one or more GTSLs and can per+orm inter$GTS and intra$GTS
/ando:er4
T/e Transcoder J KC1R

T/e Transcoder is .sed to compact t/e si"nals +rom t/e &S so t/at t/e0 are
more e++icientl0 sent o:er t/e terrestrial inter+aces4
C/aracteristics o+ t/e Gase Station S0stem 7GSS8 are 3
<$$
T)> 8Trans receie module9

!ne <T$ can host -0 T)>Js where one

T)> handles one )& carrier 8= time
slots9.

*ractically one <T$ may hae one to

four T)>Js corresponding to the no. of
carriers used in the cell.

$low fre4uency hopping

Interleaing and ordering again

+hannel coding and decoding

+reation and transmission of the broadcast

common control channel on channel / of the
<++,7T)>.

#M$I Modulation & Demodulation on uplin(

and downlin(
IW& 8Inter wor(ing function9
Is added to M$+ for no7speech that is
data
connections to e@ternal N?W,it also do
rate
adaption for data serices.
#M$+ 8#ateway M$+9

'n M$+ which has an interface to other

N?W is called #ateway M$+.

'ny M$+ which does not hae a gateway

functionality will hae to route calls to
e@ternal N?W ia a gateway M$+.
<$I+ 8<ase station identity code9
<$I+ is an identifier for a <T$ .<$I+ ay
not be uni4ue in a *HMN because <$I+
code is reused.
<$I+80 digit97 Networ( colour code 5
bitsP<++ 8<ase station colour code9

N++ identifies *HMN

<++ is used to distinguish b?w neighbor

<T$
T)'C

Does Transcoding i.e. conert 0:(bps *+M

oice fromtransmission to a mobile station.

'nd also conert receied -5 (bps or =

(bps from mobile bac( to 0:(bps re4uired
for M$+.

T)'C is not used for data connections

8used only for oice connections9.

Csed b?w <$+ & M$+ or <T$ & <$+.

Transcoder
T/e *5 >,it@s P.lse Code &od.lation 7PC&8 circ.its
+rom t/e &SC2 i+ transmitted on t/e air inter+ace ;it/o.t
modi+ication2 ;o.ld occ.p0 an eBcessi:e amo.nt o+
radio ,and;idt/4
T/is ;o.ld .se t/e a:aila,le radio spectr.m
ine++icientl04 T/e reA.ired ,and;idt/ is
t/ere+ore red.ced ,0 processin" t/e *5 >,it@s circ.its so t/at
t/e
amo.nt o+ in+ormation reA.ired to transmit di"iti(ed :oice
+alls to a
"ross rate o+ 1* >,it@s4
T/e transcodin" +.nction ma0 ,e located at t/e &SC2 GSC2 or
GTS4
T)'N$+!D%
)
&o,ile ser:ices s;itc/in" center 7&SC8 per+orms t/e s;itc/in" +.nctions +or all
mo,ile stations located in t/e "eo"rap/ical area co:ered ,0 its assi"ned GSSs4
Eac/ &SC pro:ides ser:ice to &Ss located ;it/in a de+ined "eo"rap/ic co:era"e
area2t/e net;or> t0picall0 contains more t/an one &SC4 One &SC is capa,le o+
s.pportin" a re"ional capital ;it/ approBimatel0 one million in/a,itants4 An
&SC o+ t/is si(e ;ill ,e contained in a,o.t /al+ a do(en rac>s4
T/e +.nctions carried o.t ,0 t/e &SC are listed ,elo;3
Call Processin"
9ncl.des control o+ data@:oice call set.p2 inter$GSS and inter$&SC /ando:ers and
control o+ mo,ilit0 mana"ement 7s.,scri,er :alidation and location84
Operations and &aintenance S.pport
9ncl.des data,ase mana"ement2 tra++ic meterin" and meas.rement2 and a
manJmac/ine inter+ace4
9nternet;or> 9nter;or>in"
&ana"es t/e inter+ace ,et;een t/e -S& net;or> and t/e PSTN4
Gillin"
Collects call ,illin" data4
M!<IH% $WIT+,IN# +%NT%) 8M$+9 B7
'O&E LOCAT9ON RE-9STER 7'LR8 3$
The ,ome Hocation )egister 8,H)9
+ontains the identities of mobile subscribers, their serice
parameters, and their location information.,H) deals with tas(s that
are independent of $ubscriber location.
&unction of the ,H) includeB7

Identity of mobile subscriber

Hocation information for call routing.

,H) stores Ii parameter 8for each subscriber9 which is also stored in

$IM.

,H) contains IM$I,M$I$DN,FH) add.,$ubscriber data.

FI$IT!) H!+'TI!N )%#I$T%) 8FH)9 B7
The Fisitor Hocation )egister 8FH)9 contains the subscriber parameters
and location information
for all mobile subscribers currently located in the geographical area
controlled by that FH).
&unctions of the FH) include B7

Identity of mobile subscriber.

'ny temporary mobile subscriber identity 8TM$I9 allocation.

Hocation area where the mobile station is registered

+opy of the subscriber data from the ,H).

FH)
A6T'ENT9CAT9ON CENTER 7A6C8 3$

Contains s.,scri,er a.t/entication data called a.t/entication

>e0 7Ki8

-enerates sec.rit0 related parameters needed to a.t/ori(e

ser:ice .sin" Ki4

-enerates .niA.e data pattern called a cip/er >e0 7Kc8 needed

+or encr0ptin" .ser speec/ and data4
A6C sends RAN1 to &S 4A6C ? &S do some calc.lation ,ased on RAN1 2secret >e0 o+ S9&
? A) al"orit/m ? "enerate a n.m,er4
9+ res.lt sent ,0 &S is same as A6C T/en &S is a.t/enticated4
14 Triples 7Kc2 SRES and RAN18 are stored at t/e VLR4
24 T/e VLR sends RAN1 :ia t/e &SC and GSS2 to t/e &S 7.nencr0pted84
)4 T/e &S2 .sin" t/e A) and A8 al"orit/ms and t/e parameter Ki stored on t/e &S
S9& card2 to"et/er ;it/ t/e recei:ed RAN1 +rom t/e VLR2 calc.lates t/e :al.es o+
SRES and Kc4
54 T/e &S sends SRES .nencr0pted to t/e VLR
%4 it/in t/e VLR t/e :al.e o+ SRES is compared ;it/ t/e SRES recei:ed +rom t/e
mo,ile4 9+ t/e t;o :al.es matc/2 t/en t/e a.t/entication is s.ccess+.l4
*4 9+ c0p/erin" is to ,e .sed2 Kc +rom t/e assi"ned triple is passed to t/e GTS4
!4 T/e mo,ile calc.lates Kc +rom t/e RAN1 and A8 and Ki on t/e S9&4
84 6sin" Kc2 A% and t/e -S& /0per+rame n.m,er2 encr0ption ,et;een t/e &S and
t/e GSS can no; occ.r o:er t/e air inter+ace4
%I)
EM69P&ENT 91ENT9TY RE-9STER
7E9R8 3
The %4uipment Identity )egister 8%I)9 is
accessed during the e4uipment alidation
procedure when a mobile station accesses the
system .It contains the identity of mobile station
e4uipment which may be alid, suspect, or
(nown to be fraudulent.
This contains B

/ite or Valid list Q list of alid M$ e4uipment

identities.

-re0 or &onitored list Q list of suspected

mobiles under obseration.

Glac> or pro/i,ited list Q list of mobiles for

which serice is barred
The !peration and maintenance +enter 8!M+9 is the
centrali3ed maintenance and diagnostic heart of the
base
station system 8<$$9. It allows the networ( proider to
operate, administer , and monitor the functioning of the
<$$.
This enables the networ( proider to configure and
maintain the networ( from a central location.
Includes database management, traffic metering and
measurement,
manQmachine interface.
!*%)'TI!N 'ND M'INT%N'N+% +%NT%) 8!M+9

The Networ( $witching $ystem

This consists of the Mobile serices $witching +entre 8M$+9 and its
associated system7control databases and processors together with
the re4uired interfaces. This is the part which proides for
interconnection between the #$M networ( and the *ublic $witched
Telephone Networ( 8*$TN9.
The components of the Networ( $witching $ystem are listed
belowB

Mobile $erices $witching +entre Q M$+

,ome Hocation )egister Q ,H)

Fisitor Hocation )egister Q FH)

%4uipment Identity )egister Q %I)

'uthentication +entre Q 'C+

InterWor(ing &unction Q IW&

%cho +anceller Q %+
Mobility
Management
OT'ER NETORK ELE&ENTS
Ot/er optional net;or> elements t/at t/e &SC can inter+ace incl.de3
9nternet;or> 9nter;or>in"
The IW& proides the function to enable the #$M system to interface with the arious
forms of public and priate data networ(s currently aailable.
Ec/o Canceller
'n %+ is used on the *$TN side of the M$+ for all oice circuits. %cho control is
re4uired at the switch because the inherent #$M system delay can cause an
unacceptable echo condition, een on short distance *$TN circuit connections.
During a normal *$TN land to land call, no echo is apparent because the delay is too
short and the user is unable to distinguish between the echo and the normal telephone
Dside toneN. ,oweer, without the %+ and with the #$M round trip delay added, the effect
would be ery irritating to the M$ subscriber, disrupting speech and concentration.
-ate;a0 &SC
The #M$+ routes calls out of the networ( and is the point of access for calls entering the
networ( from outside.
#M$+77777777*$TNPI$DN 8other N?W9.
LA9$Cells ;it/in t/e P.,lic Land &o,ile Net;or> 7PL&N8 are "ro.ped to"et/er into
"eo"rap/ical areas4 Eac/ area is assi"ned a Location Area 9dentit0 7LA982 a location
area ma0 t0picall0 contain )# cells4 Eac/ VLR controls se:eral LA9s and as a
s.,scri,er mo:es +rom one LA9 to anot/er2 t/e LA9 is .pdated in t/e VLR4 As t/e
s.,scri,er mo:es +rom one VLR to anot/er2 t/e VLR address is .pdated at t/e 'LR4
T&S9$T/e VLR controls t/e allocation o+ ne; Temporar0 &o,ile S.,scri,er 9dentit0
7T&S98 n.m,ers and noti+ies t/em to t/e 'LR4 T/e T&S9 ;ill ,e .pdated +reA.entl02
t/is ma>es it :er0 di++ic.lt +or t/e call to ,e traced and t/ere+ore pro:ides a /i"/
de"ree o+ sec.rit0 +or t/e s.,scri,er4 T/e T&S9 ma0 ,e .pdated in an0 o+ t/e
+ollo;in" sit.ations3
Call set.p4
On entr0 to a ne; LA94
On entr0 to a ne; VLR4
&SRN$ As a s.,scri,er ma0 ;is/ to operate o.tside its D/omeE s0stem at some time2
t/e VLR can also allocate a &o,ile Station Roamin" N.m,er 7&SRN84 T/is n.m,er is
assi"ned +rom a list o+ n.m,ers /eld at t/e VLR 7&SC84 T/e &SRN is t/en .sed to
ro.te t/e call to t/e &SC ;/ic/ controls t/e ,ase station in t/e &Ss c.rrent location4
Networ( Management +entre
NM+
$ample Muestion
-S& 9denti+iers
9&E9 J 9nternational &o,ileStation EA.ipment 9dentit078# Git84
The IM%I is an internationally7uni4ue serial number allocated to the M$
hardware at the time of manufacture. It is registered by the networ( operator
and 8optionally9 stored in the 'u+ for alidation purposes.
9&S9 J 9nternational &o,ile S.,scri,er 9denti+ier 71% Gits8
When a subscriber registers with a networ( operator, a uni4ue subscriber
IM$I identifier is issued and stored in the $IM of the M$. 'n M$ can only
function fully if it is operated with a alid $IM inserted into an RM$ with a
alid IM%I.
T&S9 JTemporar0 &o,ile S.,scri,er 9dentit0 7)2 ,its8
' TM$I is used to protect the true identity 8IM$I9 of a subscriber. It is issued
by and stored within a FH) 8not in the ,H)9 when an IM$I attach ta(es place
or a Hocation 'rea 8H'9 update ta(es place. 't the M$ it is stored in the M$Js
$IM 8Issued by FH)9 . The issued TM$I only has alidity within a specific H'.
&S9S1N J &o,ile S.,scri,er 9S1N n.m,er
The M$I$DN represents the OtrueJ or OdialledJ number associated with the
subscriber. It is assigned to the subscriber by the networ( operator at
registration and is stored in the $IM.
&SRN J &o,ile Station Roamin" N.m,er
9t is assi"ned ,0 VLR o+ called s.,scri,er4&SRN is reA.ired to ro.te call
+rom -&SC to Ser:in" &SC@VLR 7/ere s.,scri,er c.rrentl0 roams4
LA9 J Location Area 9dentit0
%ach Hocation 'rea within the *HMN has an associated internationally
uni4ue identifier 8H'I9. The H'I is broadcast regularly by <T$s on the
<roadcast +ontrol +hannel 8<++,9, thus uni4uely identifying each cell
with an associated H'.
C9 J Cell 9denti+ier
The +I an identifier assigned to each cell within a networ(. ,oweer, the
+I is only uni4ue within a specific Hocation 'rea. When combined with
the internationally uni4ue H'I for its associated H', the -lo,al Cell 9dentit0
7-C98 is produced which is also internationally uni4ue.
GS9C J Gase Station 9dentit0 Code
%ach <T$ is issued with a uni4ue identity, the <$I+ and is used to
distinguish neighbouring <T$s. 80 <its9
INT%)&'+
%
Hayer - $erices
T/e P/0sical La0er 7La0er 18 contains all t/e +.nctions necessar0 +or
t/e
transmission o+ ,it streams o:er t/e p/0sical medi.m4 9t pro:ides a
transport
ser:ice +or t/e -S& lo"ical c/annels4 Ser:ices o++ered at La0er 1
incl.de3
N Access Capa,ilities4 La0er 1 carries o.t t/e cell selection +.nctions
+or
&Ss in idle mode2 in cooperation ;it/ t/e La0er ) Radio Reso.rce
7RR8
+.nctions4
N Error 1etection4 <or;ard and ,ac>;ard error correction is
implemented at la0er 1 7see section on speec/ codin" +or details84
Errored +rames are not passed to Le:el 2 +or processin"4
N Encr0ption4 1ata encr0ption is also implemented at La0er 1 7see
section on -S& sec.rit0 +or details84
Hayer 2 $erices
'ere2 t/e LAP1m protocol is .sed 7similar to 9S1N LAP184
LAP1m /as t/e
+ollo;in" +.nctions3
N Connectionless trans+er on point$to$point and point$to$
m.ltipoint
si"nallin" c/annels2
N Set.p and ta>e$do;n o+ la0er 2 connections on point$to$point
si"nallin" c/annels2
N Connection$oriented trans+er ;it/ retention o+ t/e
transmission
seA.ence2 error detection and error correction4
La0er ) Ser:ices
La0er ) contains t/e +ollo;in" s.,la0ers ;/ic/ control si"nallin" c/annel
+.nctions 7GC'2 CCC' and 1CC'83
N Radio reso.rce mana"ement 7RR84 T/e role o+ t/e RR mana"ement
la0er is to esta,lis/ and release sta,le connection ,et;een mo,ile
stations 7&S8 and an &SC +or t/e d.ration o+ a call2 and to maintain it
despite .ser mo:ements4 T/e +ollo;in" +.nctions are per+ormed ,0 t/e
&SC3
N Cell selection2
N 'ando:er2
N Allocation and ta>e$do;n o+ point$to$point c/annels2
N &onitorin" and +or;ardin" o+ radio connections2
N 9ntrod.ction o+ encr0ption2
N C/an"e in transmission mode4
N &o,ilit0 mana"ement 7&&84 &o,ilit0 &ana"ement /andles t/e
control +.nctions reA.ired +or mo,ilit0 incl.din"3
N A.t/entication
N Assi"nment o+ T&S9
N &ana"ement o+ s.,scri,er location4
N Connection mana"ement 7C&8 is .sed to set .p2 maintain and clear call
connections4 9t comprises t/ree s.,"ro.ps3
N Call control 7CC8 $ mana"es call connections2
N S.pplementar0 ser:ice s.pport 7SS8 $ /andles special ser:ices2
N S/ort messa"e ser:ice s.pport 7S&S8 $ trans+ers ,rie+ teBts4
Neit/er t/e GTS nor t/e GSC interpret C&
and && messa"es4 T/e0
are simpl0 eBc/an"ed ,et;een t/e &SC and
t/e &S .sin" t/e 1irect Trans+er
Application Part 71TAP8 protocol on t/e A
inter+ace 7see ,elo;84
RR messa"es are mapped to or +rom t/e
Gase Station S0stem Application Part
7GSSAP8 +or eBc/an"e ;it/ t/e &S4
6m 9NTER<ACE 7&S$ GTS8
'ir Interface between the M$ and the <$$ .It consist of protocol layer
which help in
7)adio resource management
7Mobility management
7+all management
A$G9S 9NTER<ACE 7GSC $ GTS8
When the <$$ consists of a <ase $tation +ontroller 8<$+9 and one or
more <ase Transceier $tations 8<T$9, this interface is used between
the <$+ and <T$ to support the serices offered to the #$M users
and subscribers. The interface also allows control of the radio
e4uipment and radio fre4uency allocation in the <T$.In short it is
used to e@change control information <?W <$+ & <T$.
' interface 8<$+ Q M$+9Q
' interface carry 0:(bps speech data <?W <$+ & M$+
G 9NTER<ACE 7&SC $ VLR8
The FH) is the location and management data base for the mobile
subscribers roaming in the area controlled by the associated M$+8s9.
Wheneer the M$+ needs data related to a gien mobile station currently
located in its area, it interrogates the FH). When a mobile station
initiates a location updating procedure with an M$+, the M$+ informs its
FH) which stores the releant information. This procedure occurs
wheneer an M$ roams to another location area. 'lso, when a subscriber
actiates a specific supplementary serice or modifies some data
attached to a serice, the M$+ informs 8ia the FH)9 the ,H) which
stores these modifications and updates the FH) if re4uired.
C 9NTER<ACE 7'LR and t/e &SC8
The M$+ must interrogate the ,H) of the re4uired subscriber to obtain
routing information for a call or a short message directed to that
subscriber.
1 9NTER<ACE 7'LR $ VLR8
This interface is used to e@change the data related to the location of
the mobile station and to the management of the subscriber. The
main serice proided to the mobile subscriber is the capability to set
up or to receie calls within the whole serice area. To support this,
the location registers hae to e@change data. The FH) informs the
,H) of the location of a mobile station managed by the latter and
proides it 8either at location updating or at call set7up9 with the
roaming number of that station. The ,H) sends to the FH) all the
data needed to support the serice to the mobile subscriber. The ,H)
then instructs the preious FH) to cancel the location registration of
this subscriber. %@changes of data may occur when the mobile
subscriber re4uires a particular serice, when he wants to change
some data attached to his subscription or when some parameters
of the subscription are modified by administratie means.
E 9NTER<ACE 7&SC J &SC8
When a mobile station moes from one M$+ area to
another during a call, a handoer procedure has to
be performed in order to continue the communication.
&or that purpose the M$+s hae to e@change data to
initiate and then to reali3e the operation. 'fter the
handoer operation has been completed, the M$+s
will e@change information to transfer '7interface
signalling as necessary.
< 9NTER<ACE 7&SC and E9R8
This interface is used between M$+ and %I) to e@change data, in
order that the %I) can erify the status of the IM%I retrieed from
the Mobile $tation.
- 9NTER<ACE 7VLR J VLR8
When a mobile subscriber moes from a FH) area to another
Hocation )egistration procedure will happen. This procedure may
include the retrieal of the IM$I and authentication parameters
from the old FH).
' 9NTER<ACE 7'LR $ A.C8
When an ,H) receies a re4uest for authentication and ciphering
data for a Mobile $ubscriber and it does not hold the re4uested
data, the ,H) re4uests the data from the 'u+.
+,'NN%H$
Hogical
channel

!ne or more logical channel can be

transmitted on a physical channel.
Different types of logical channel are Q

Traffic +hannels 8$peech & Data9

<road cast channel 8$ignalling9

+ommon control channel 8$ignalling9

Dedicated control channel 8$ignalling9

T)'&&I+ +,'NN%H
Tra++ic C/annels 7TC'8
!ne physical channel 8- timeslot9 can supportB
Traffic channels are used to send $peech or Data
serices.
- T+,?& or 2 T+,?,
S TC'@<3 -5 (b?s oice or ..0 (b?s data 822.= Ibps after channel coding9
S TC'@'3 0.6 (b?s oice or :.= (b?s data 8--.: (bps after channel coding9
<oth can be used to carry signalling information.
Cplin( ? Downlin( $ynchronisation
The M$ transmit burst is delayed by 5 timeslots after
the <T$ burst.. This delay allows enablesB Cse of the
same CH and DH timeslot number in TDM' frame
'oids simultaneous T@?)@ re4uirement
$peech channels are supported by two different
methods of coding (nown as &ull )ate 8&)9 and
%nhanced &ull )ate 8%&)9. %nhanced &ull )ate
coding proides a speech serice that has
improed oice 4uality from the original
&ull )ate speech coding, whilst using the same air
interface bandwidth. %&) employs a new speech
coding algorithm and additions to the full rate
channel coding algorithm to accomplish this
improed speech serice,
+!NT)!H
+,'NN%H
T/ese control c/annels are .sed ,0 t/e &S to
esta,lis/ comm.nication ;it/
t/e net;or> in t/e idle mode and also in initiatin"
calls to enter t/e dedicated
mode4 Timeslot # is "ro.ped into str.ct.res o+ %1
+rames re+erred to as
Control C/annel &.lti+rames
T/e control c/annels are "ro.ped as Groadcast
Control C/annels 7GCC'8 Common Control
C/annels 7CCC'8 and 1edicated
Control C/annel 71CC'84
Groadcast C/annels 7GCC'8
T/e Groadcast Control C/annel is transmitted ,0 t/e GTS at all times4 T/e R< carrier
.sed to transmit t/e GCC' is re+erred to as t/e GCC' carrier4 T/e in+ormation carried
on t/e GCC' is monitored ,0 t/e &S periodicall0 7at least e:er0 )# secs82 ;/en it is
s;itc/ed on and not in a call4
Eac/ cell /as one carrier desi"nated as a GC' carrier4 T/e GC' carrier /as all 8 timeslots
contin.o.sl0 on2 eit/er ;it/ tra++ic or d.mm0 ,.rsts4 Timeslot # o+ t/e GC' carrier
contains lo"ical control c/annels4
Groadcast Control C/annel 7GCC'8 J Carries t/e +ollo;in" in+ormation 7t/is is onl0 a
partial list83

Location Area 9dentit0 7LA984

List o+ nei"/,o.rin" cells ;/ic/ s/o.ld ,e monitored ,0 t/e &S4

List o+ +reA.encies .sed in t/e cell4

Cell identit04

Po;er control indicator4

1TK permitted4

Access control 7+or eBample2 emer"enc0 calls2 call ,arrin"84

Information distributed oer <roadcast channel helps the M$ to orient themseles
in the mobile radio N?W .<+, channels are all downlin( *t. to Multi pt. and are
allocated to timeslot 3ero.
&++,B &re4uency correction channel
This is transmitted fre4uently on the <++, timeslot and allows the mobile to
synchroni3e its own fre4uency to that of the transmitting base site. The &++, may
only be sent during timeslot / on the <++, carrier fre4uency and therefore it acts
as a flag to the mobile to identify Timeslot /.
$+,B 8$ynchronisation channel 9
The $+, carries the information to enable the M$ to synchroni3e to the TDM'
frame structure and (now the timing of the indiidual timeslots. The following
parameters are sentB
Q &rame number.
Q <ase $ite Identity +ode 8<$I+9.
The M$ will monitor <++, information from surrounding cells and store the
information from the best si@ cells. The $+, information on these cells is also
stored so that the M$ may 4uic(ly resynchroni3e when it enters a new cell.
Common Control C/annels 7CCC'8
Common Control C/annels 7CCC'8
+++, contains all point to multi7point downlin( channels 8<T$ to
seeral M$s9 and the uplin( )andom 'ccess +hannelB
)'+,B 8CH9 )andom 'ccess +hannel is sent by the M$ to re4uest a
resources from the networ( e.g. an $D++, channel for call setup.
S '#+, 8DH9 'ccess #rant +hannel is used to allocate a dedicated
channel 8$D++,9 to the mobile.
S *+, 8DH9 *aging +hannel sends paging signal to inform mobile of a call.
'ctie M$s must fre4uently monitor both <++, and +++,. The +++, will
be
transmitted on the )& carrier with the <++,.
1edicated Control C/annels 71CC'8
1CC' comprise the following ,i$directional 7.plin> @ do;nlin>8 point to
point control channels .Csed for signalling between M$ & GTSB
S S1CC'3 Standalone 1edicated control C/annel is used for call set
up, location updating and also $M$.It carries all signalling <?W <T$
& M$ when no T+, is allocated. /ic/ s.pports t/e trans+er o+ 1ata to
and +rom t/e &S d.rin" call set.p and :alidation4
$ummaryO6sed +or ser:ices reA.est2 S&S2Location .pdate 2s.,scri,er
A.t/entication2EA.ipment :alidation4 7A+ter;ards TC' Comes into
pict.re8
S SACC'3 Slow Associated Control C/annel is used for lin(
measurements and signalling during a call .Csed for non urgent
procedures.
$ummary1transmission of $ignalling Data ,)adio Hin( $uperision
measurement ,Transmit power control & Timing adance data
&'++,
S <ACC'3 <ast Associated Control C'annel is used
8when needed9 for signalling during a call, mainly
for deliering handoer messages and for
ac(nowledgement when a T+, is assigned.Csed
mainly during handoers when $'++, $ignalling
is not fast enough.&'++, data is transmitted oer
T+,, this is mar(ed by &lag called D$tealling &lagN
1edicated Control C/annels 71CC'8
The D++, is a single timeslot on an )& carrier which is used to
coney eight
$tand7alone Dedicated +ontrol +hannels 8$D++,9. ' $D++, is used
by a single M$ for call setup, authentication, location updating and
$M$ point to point.
's we will see later, $D++, can also be found on a <++,?+++,
timeslot, this configuration only allows four $D++,s.
Associated Control C/annels 7ACC'8
These channels can be associated with either an $D++, or a T+,.
They are used for carrying information associated with the process
being carried out on either the $D++, or the T+,.
+!NTINC%
$low 'ssociated +ontrol +hannel 8$'++,9
+oneys power control and timing information in the downlin( direction
8towards the M$9 and )eceie $ignal $trength Indicator 8)$$I9, and lin(
4uality reports in the uplin( direction.
&ast 'ssociated +ontrol +hannel 8&'++,9
The &'++, is transmitted instead of a T+,. The &'++, OOstealsN the T+,
burst\ and inserts its own information. The &'++, is used to carry out user
authentication, handoers and immediate assignment.
'll of the control channels are re4uired for system operation, howeer, in the
same way that we allow different users to share the radio channel by using
different timeslots to carry the conersation data, the control channels share
timeslots on the radio channel at different times. This allows efficient passing
of control information without wasting capacity which could be used for call
traffic. To do this we must organi3e the timeslots between those which will be
used for traffic and those which will carry control signalling.
TIM%
$H!T
MCHTI&)'M% &
TIMIN#
T/ere are ei"/t timeslots ;it/in eac/ T1&A +rame2
ena,lin" ei"/t p/0sical c/annels to s/are a
sin"le p/0sical reso.rce J t/e R< carrier4 9n t.rn2
eac/ p/0sical c/annel ma0 ,e s/ared ,0 a
n.m,er o+ lo"ical c/annels4 9n order to
.nderstand /o; a sin"le p/0sical c/annel is
s/ared ,0 :ario.s lo"ical c/annels2 it is
necessar0 to introd.ce t/e -S& m.lti+rame
str.ct.res t/at ma>e it possi,le4
The 207frame Traffic +hannel Multiframe
T/e 12t/ +rame 7no4 1)8 in t/e 2*$+rame tra++ic c/annel m.lti+rame is
.sed ,0 t/e Slo; Associated Control C/annel 7SACC'8 ;/ic/
carries lin> control in+ormation to and +rom t/e &SJGTS4 Eac/
timeslot in a cell allocated to tra++ic c/annel .sa"e ;ill +ollo; t/is
+ormat2 t/at is2 12 ,.rsts o+ tra++ic2 1 ,.rst o+ SACC'2 12 ,.rsts o+
tra++ic and 1 idle4T/e d.ration o+ a 2*$+rame tra++ic c/annel
m.lti+rame is 12# ms 72* T1&A +rames8 4/en /al+ rate is .sed2
eac/ +rame o+ t/e 2*$+rame tra++ic c/annel m.lti+rame allocated +or
tra++ic ;ill no; carr0 t;o &S s.,scri,er calls 7t/e data rate +or
eac/ &S is /al:ed o:er t/e air inter+ace84 Alt/o."/ t/e data rate
+or tra++ic is /al:ed2 eac/ &S still reA.ires t/e same amo.nt o+
SACC' in+ormation to ,e transmitted2 t/ere+ore +rame 12 9LL GE
6SE1 as SACC' +or one /al+ o+ t/e &Ss and t/e ot/ers ;ill .se it
as t/eir 91LE +rame2and t/e same applies +or +rame 2%2 t/is ;ill ,e
.sed ,0 t/e &Ss +or SACC' 7t/ose ;/o .sed +rame 12 as 91LE8
and t/e ot/er /al+ ;ill .se it as t/eir 91LE +rame4
The 6-7frame +ontrol +hannel Multiframe
T/e %1$+rame str.ct.re .sed +or control
c/annels is considera,l0 more compleB
t/an t/e 2*$+rame str.ct.re .sed +or t/e
tra++ic c/annels4 T/e %1$+rame str.ct.re
occ.rs in se:eral +orms2 dependin" on t/e
t0pe o+ control c/annel and t/e net;or>
pro:iderLs reA.irements4
The 6-7frame +ontrol +hannel Multiframe8<++,?+++,9
T/e GCC'@CCC' %1$+rame str.ct.re ill.strated on t/e opposite pa"e ;ill appl0 to
timeslot # o+ eac/ T1&A +rame on t/e PGCC' carrierL 7t/e R< carrier +reA.enc0
to ;/ic/ GCC' is assi"ned on a per cell ,asis84 9n t/e dia"ram2 eac/ :ertical
step represents one repetition o+ t/e timeslot 7Q one T1&A +rame82 ;it/ t/e +irst
repetition 7n.m,ered #8 at t/e ,ottom4 Loo>in" at t/e .plin> 7&SJGSS8
direction2 all timeslot #s are allocated to RAC'4 T/is is +airl0 o,:io.s ,eca.se
RAC' is t/e onl0 control c/annel in t/e GCC'@CCC' "ro.p ;/ic/ ;or>s in t/e
.plin> direction4 9n t/e do;nlin> direction 7GSSJ&S82 t/e arran"ement is more
interestin"4 Startin" at +rame # o+ t/e %1$+rame str.ct.re2 t/e +irst timeslot # is
occ.pied ,0 a +reA.enc0 ,.rst 7P<L in t/e dia"ram82 t/e second ,0 a
s0nc/roni(in" ,.rst 7PSL8 and t/en t/e +ollo;in" +o.r repetitions o+ timeslot # ,0
GCC' data 7G8 in +rames 2J%4 T/e +ollo;in" +o.r repetitions o+ timeslot # in
+rames *J9 are allocated to CCC' tra++ic 7C82 t/at is2 to eit/er PC' 7mo,ile
pa"in" c/annel8 or A-C' 7access "rant c/annel84 T/en +ollo;s2 in timeslot # o+
+rames 1# and 112 a repeat o+ t/e +reA.enc0 and s0nc/roni(in" ,.rsts 7< and S82
+o.r +.rt/er CCC' ,.rsts 7C8 and so on4 Note t/at t/e last timeslot # in t/e
seA.ence 7t/e +i+t0$+irst +rame J +rame %#8 is idle4
T/e %1$+rame Control C/annel &.lti+rame J
1CC'@8 7S1CC' and SACC'8
T/e dia"ram opposite s/o;s t/e %1$+rame str.ct.re .sed to accommodate ei"/t
S1CC's2 alt/o."/2 as it ta>es t;o repetitions o+ t/e m.lti+rame to complete t/e entire
seA.ence2 it ma0 ,e more lo"ical to t/in> o+ it as a 1#2$+rame str.ct.re4 T/is str.ct.re
ma0 ,e transmitted on an0 timeslot4
Note t/at t/e SACC's 7s/aded8 are associated ;it/ t/e S1CC's4 9t is important to
remem,er t/at eac/ S1CC' /as an SACC' I.st li>e a tra++ic c/annel4
i4e4 1# associated ;it/ A#
11 associated ;it/ A1
4 4
4 4
4 4
4 4
4 4
1! associated ;it/ A!
Note3 T/e do;nlin> and .plin> c/annels are sta""ered in order to "i:e t/e mo,ile time to
process t/e recei:ed messa"e and +orm.late a response4
T/e %1$+rame Control C/annel &.lti+rame J
1CC'@8 7S1CC' and SACC'8
T/e %1$+rame Control C/annel &.lti+rame
JCom,ined Str.ct.re
As ;e can see in t/e dia"ram opposite2 eac/ o+
t/e control c/annel t0pes are present on a
sin"le timeslot4 T/e n.m,er o+ &Ss ;/ic/ can
e++ecti:el0 .se t/is cell is t/ere+ore red.ced2 as
;e no; onl0 /a:e ) CCC' "ro.ps and 5
S1CC's2 ;/ic/ translates into
+e;er pa"es and sim.ltaneo.s cell set.ps4
A t0pical .se o+ t/is t0pe o+ control c/annel
timeslot is in r.ral areas2 ;/ere t/e s.,scri,er
densit0 is lo;4
S.per+rames and '0per+rames
9t is not ,0 accident t/at t/e control c/annel m.lti+rame is not a direct m.ltiple
o+ t/e tra++ic c/annel m.lti+rame4 <rom t/e dia"ram2 it can ,e seen t/at an0
"i:en +rame n.m,er ;ill onl0 occ.r sim.ltaneo.sl0 in ,ot/ m.lti+rames
e:er0 1)2* T1&A +rames 72*B %184 T/is n.m,er o+ T1&A +rames is termed a
Ds.per+rameE and it ta>es *412 s to transmit4 T/is arran"ement means t/at
t/e timin" o+ t/e tra++ic c/annel m.lti+rame is al;a0s mo:in" in relation to
t/at o+ t/e control c/annel m.lti+rame and t/is ena,les a &S to recei:e and
decode GCC' in+ormation +rom s.rro.ndin" cells4 9+ t/e t;o m.lti+rames
;ere eBact m.ltiples o+ eac/ ot/er2 t/en control c/annel timeslots ;o.ld
,e permanentl0 Pmas>edL ,0 tra++ic c/annel timeslot acti:it04 T/is c/an"in"
relations/ip ,et;een t/e t;o m.lti+rames is partic.larl0 important2 +or
eBample2 to a &S ;/ic/ needs to ,e a,le to monitor and report t/e RSS9s
o+ nei"/,o.r cells 7it needs to ,e a,le to PseeL all t/e GCC's o+ t/ose cells
in order to do t/is84
T/e D/0per+rameE consists o+ 2#58 s.per+rames2 t/is is .sed in connection
;it/ cip/erin" and +reA.enc0 /oppin"4 T/e /0per+rame lasts +or o:er t/ree
/o.rs2 a+ter t/is time t/e cip/erin" and +reA.enc0 /oppin" al"orit/ms are
restarted4
&o,ile Acti:it0 J Transmit and Recei:e Timeslots
As t/e &S onl0 transmits or recei:es its o;n p/0sical c/annel
7normall0 containin" TC' and SACC'8 +or one$ei"/t/ o+ t/e time2 it
.ses t/e remainin" time to monitor t/e GCC's o+ adIacent Ptar"etL
cells4 9t completes t/e process e:er0 58# ms2 or +o.r 2*$TC'
m.lti+rames4 T/e messa"e t/at it sends to t/e GSS 7on SACC'2
.plin>8 contains t/e Recei:e Si"nal Stren"t/ 9ndication 7RSS98 o+
t/e adIacent cells2 pl.s t/at o+ t/e lin> to t/e GSS itsel+2 pl.s an
indication o+ t/e A.alit0 o+ t/e c.rrent connection4 T/is A.alit0
meas.rement is some;/at similar to a ,it error rate test4 =.st as
t/e mo,ile completes one series o+ meas.rements2 it completes
sendin" t/e pre:io.s series to t/e GSS and starts to send t/e
latest seriesR t/.s t/e processes o+ compilation and transmission
+orm a contin.o.s c0cle4
#$M Foice & +hannel +oding
,ere we will consider two forms of
coding techni4ues used within the
#$M system.
<irstl0 the process used to conert
human speech into a digital e4uialent
and
Secondl0 the coding processes for
compressing and protecting the data
for transmission oer the air interface.
-S& Voice ? C/annel Codin"
SeA.ence
$peech +oding
S #$M transmits using digital modulation 7 speech must
<e conerted to binary digits +oder and decoder must
wor( to the same standard $implest coding scheme is
*ulse +ode Modulation 8*+M9
S $ampling eery -26 Ts
S )e4uires data rate of 0: (bps

$ampling rate7 = Ih3

Muanti3ation1=-.2 leels 8in #$M9

+oding1-5 bits 82 U -5 V=-.29

We get bit rateV-/: (bps

If = subscriber uses -/: (bps we get =52 (bps

2//(h3 cant fit it,$o we go for speech coding &
$egmenation.

$peech is coded at 2/ msec.this is same as sampling

at 6/?sec instead at =///?sec.

Instead of -5 bits 20/ bits are used V6/ W

20/V-5(bps

= users are in - )& carrier V-5W=V-/: (bs 82//(h39

+hannel coding I?p is 20/ bits & !?p :60 bits.Which

are then interleaed.822.= (bps9.
+oding is added to the information bits 8redundancy9 which enable the
original to be reconstructed gien a small number of random errors.

+onolution +oding
)ate of coding describes the amount of redundancy in the coded dataB
S -?2 rate code transmits twice as many bits as actual data
S Data rate is haled
S +onolutional codes cannot detect errors
The efficiency of the conolutional coding described aboe is based on
'n assumption that errors will be randomly distributed. ,oweer, radio
transmission paths tend to be prone to fre4uency7dependent OburstyJ
type errors due primarily to fading.
9nter lea:in"
$o the data bursts are not sent in their natural order, but are interleaed
among a set of timeslots within the multiframe.
,'ND!&&

Proced.re in ;/ic/ an &S releases a connection

;it/ a GTS2 and esta,lis/es a connection ;it/ a ne;
GTS2 ;/ile ens.rin" t/at t/e on"oin" call is
maintained
Needs t;o mec/anisms
X 'ando:er preparation3 detection of cell7border crossing
. <ased on radio lin( 4uality measurements
X 'ando:er eBec.tion3 setup of a new channel in a cell,
and tear7down of a preious channel
Types of ,andoff
'ard ? So+t /ando:er
N Pre:ent .nnecessar0 po;er emissions to3
N 9ncrease li+e o+ ,atter0$po;ered de:ices
N Red.ce net;or> inter+erence
N EA.alise po;er le:els recei:ed at GTSs
N AdI.stments to cell co:era"e
&et/ods 9ncl.de3
N Adapti:e Po;er Control
N 1iscontin.o.s Transmission 71TK8
N 1iscontin.o.s Reception 71RK8
#$M *ower +ontrol &unctions
Po;er control ;it/in a -S& s0stem /as +o.r main p.rposes3
S Red.ce po;er o.tp.ts to t/e minim.m reA.ired +or e++ecti:e
comm.nications in order to red.ce inter+erence
S Limit .nnecessar0 po;er emissions in order to increase t/e lon"e:it0
o+ ,atter0$po;er eA.ipments
S Pre:ent &Ss closer to GTS de$sensitisin" t/ose more distant
S Ena,le t/e net;or> controller to adI.st cell co:era"e ,0 adI.stin" GTS
o.tp.t po;er4
-S& po;er control is ac/ie:ed ,0 a n.m,er o+ met/ods4 T/ese incl.de3
S Adapti:e Po;er Control4 T/is a.tomaticall0 adI.sts po;er o.tp.ts
.p or do;n to ens.re to t/e minim.m reA.ired to meet t/e prescri,ed
ser:ice A.alit0 le:el4
S 1iscontin.o.s Transmission 71TK84 T/is is a proced.re ;/ere,0
transmissions are onl0 made ;/en in+ormation is to ,e passed4
S 1iscontin.o.s Reception 71RK84 T/is proced.re ena,les ,atter0
po;ered
&Ss to minimi(e po;er cons.mption ,0 onl0 listenin" o.t on
speci+ic control c/annels4
/en a call is esta,lis/ed2 t/e &S remains
in transmit mode +or t/e d.ration
o+ t/e call4 'o;e:er2 in speec/ mode2 it /as
,een s/o;n t/at in+ormation
7encoded speec/8 is act.all0 ,ein"
transmitted +or less t/an /al+ t/e time4
1TK is a tec/niA.e t/at red.ces emissions
+rom t/e &S ,0 onl0 transmittin"
;/en in+ormation is to ,e sent4
)easons for &re4uency ,opping 8-9
N -S& radio si"nals are a++ected ,0 m.lti$pat/ inter+erence2 ca.sin"
+adin"
N C/an"in" +reA.enc0 7;a:elen"t/8 mo:es t/e position o+ t/e +ade
N <reA.enc0 /oppin" c0cles t/ro."/ man0 +ade positions
N T/is red.ces t/e e++ect o+ t/e +ades ;/en t/e mo,ile is mo:in"
slo;l0
Cells are s.,Iect to inter+erence
+rom ot/er cells .sin" t/e same
carriers at t/e re$.se distance
N 9+ t/e cells /op t/ro."/ a set o+
+reA.encies in di++erent
seA.ences2 t/e e++ect o+ t/is
inter+erence is red.ced
N C@9 ratio is increased
N Recei:ed si"nal A.alit0
N Recei:ed si"nal stren"t/
N 1istance o+ &S +rom GTS
N 1rops ,elo; po;er ,.d"et mar"in
N Eac/ parameter /as a operator$de+ined
t/res/old and /ando:er decisions can ,e ,ased on one or a
com,ination o+ t/e parameters
1.rin" its idle time slots o+ a m.lti+rame2 t/e &S scans t/e GCC' o+
.p to )2 nei"/,orin" cells2 and +orms a list o+ t/e siB ,est
candidates +or possi,le /ando:er2 ,ased on t/e recei:ed si"nal
stren"t/4 T/is in+ormation is passed to t/e GSC and &SC2 at least
once per second2 and is .sed ,0 t/e /ando:er al"orit/m4
Timing 'dance
Timin" Ad:ance is needed to
compensate +or di++erent time
dela0s in t/e transmission o+
radio si"nals +rom di++erent
mo,iles4 T/e TA :al.e to .se is
+o.nd initiall0 +rom t/e position o+
t/e recei:ed RAC' ,.rst in t/e
".ard period and is adI.sted
d.rin" t/e call in response to
s.,seA.ent normal ,.rst
positions4
T/e TA :al.e to .se is +o.nd initiall0
+rom t/e position o+ t/e recei:ed
RAC' ,.rst in t/e ".ard period
and is adI.sted d.rin" t/e call in
response to s.,seA.ent normal
,.rst positions4
+all &low
&S &o,ilit0 States
A &o,ile Station 7&S8 can ,e in one o+ t/ree
mo,ilit0 states3
N &S t.rned o++
N &S t.rned on in idle mode
N &S t.rned on in dedicated mode
M$ Turned !ff
9n t/is case t/e &S cannot ,e reac/ed ,0 t/e net;or>4 T/is co.ld ,e d.e to t/e &S ,ein" o.t o+ co:era"e
+or an eBtended period or in po;ered do;n or t/e S9& /as ,een remo:ed4 9n all cases2 t/e &S +ails to
respond to pa"in" messa"es and does not pro:ide periodic location .pdates4 9n s.c/ circ.mstances2
t/e net;or> ass.med t/e &S is 9&S9 detac/ed 7see ,elo;84
M$ Turned on in Idle Mode
9n idle mode t/e &S is Pcamped$onL2 s0nc/roni(ed to t/e net;or> and is read0 to place or recei:e a call4
T/e &S is said to ,e P9&S9$attac/edL4 9t can also recei:e pa"in" messa"es and pro:ide periodic
location .pdates 7e4"4 on c/an"e o+ Location Area84 9n addition it carries o.t cell reselection
proced.res as it mo:es aro.nd t/e net;or>4
M$ Turned on in Dedicated Mode
9n dedicated mode2 t/e &S is participatin" in .ser in+ormation trans+er2 eit/er t/ro."/ a :oice or data call4
718 T/e incomin" call is passed +rom t/e +iBed net;or> to t/e "ate;a0 &SC
7-&SC84
728 6sin" t/e &S9S1N o+ t/e callin" &S2 t/e -&SC interro"ates t/e 'LR to
determine t/e 9&S9 n.m,er o+ t/e called part04
7)8 T/e 'LR c/ec>s +or t/e eBistence o+ t/e called n.m,er and identi+ies t/e
VLR to ;/ic/ it is c.rrentl0 a++iliated4 9t t/en reA.ests t/e mo,ile station
roamin" n.m,er 7&SRN8 +rom t/e identi+ied VLR4
758 6pon receipt2 t/e 'LR transmits t/e &SRN ,ac> to t/e -&SC4
7%8 /en t/e -&SC recei:es a :alid &SRN2 it s;itc/es t/e call t/ro."/ to
t/e appropriate &SC4
7*8 T/e VLR is A.eried +or t/e location ran"e and reac/a,ilit0 stat.s o+ t/e
mo,ile s.,scri,er4
7!8 9+ t/e &S is mar>ed reac/a,le2 a radio call is ena,led at t/e &SC4
788 T/is "enerates a pa"in" reA.est to +rom t/e &SC to all GSSs in t/e &SLs
last recorded Location Area4
798 T/e mo,ile s.,scri,er telep/one responds to t/e pa"in" reA.est +rom its
c.rrent cell2 t/e lin> is eBtended to t/e &S and a.t/entication in+ormation is
passed +rom t/e &S to t/e &SC 4
71#8 All necessar0 sec.rit0 proced.res are eBec.ted4
7118 9+ sec.rit0 proced.res are s.ccess+.l2 t/e VLR indicates to t/e &SC t/at
t/e call can ,e completed4
7128 T/e &SC t/en eBtends t/e call +rom t/e -&SC to t/e &S4
S.,scri,er identit0 con+identialit0 pro:ides +or t/e pri:ac0 o+ -S&
PL&N s.,scri,ers identities ,0 ens.rin" t/at t/e 9&S9 is not made
a:aila,le or disclosed ;it/o.t a.t/ori(ation4 T/is capa,ilit0
pro:ides protection a"ainst location tracin" mo,ile s.,scri,ers
,0 listenin" to t/e si"nallin" eBc/an"es on t/e radio pat/4
Protection o+ a s.,scri,erLs 9&S9 is ac/ie:ed t/ro."/ t/e iss.in"
o+ a temporar0 replacement 914 T/is is >no;n as t/e s.,scri,erLs
Temporar0 &o,ile S.,scri,er 9dentit0 7T&S9 J prono.nced
Ptimsie84 T/is identit0 is allocated ,0 t/e VLR ;/en a s.,scri,er
+irst a++iliates to t/e net;or> and ma0 ,e s.,Iect to c/an"e eac/
time t/e s.,scri,er re$connects to t/e net;or> or ;/en it mo:es
,et;een &SCs 7and /ence VLRs84
+ell selection *rocedure
N &S po;ers$.p
N &S starts meas.rin" recei:ed po;er le:el +rom all cells in ran"e
N &S calc.lates a:era"e po;er le:el recei:ed +rom eac/ cell3
N Stored in RKLEV7n8 parameter
N &S calc.lates C1 parameter +or eac/ cell ,ased on RKLEV7n8
N &o,ile compares cells ;/ic/ "i:e a positi:e :al.e o+ C1 and Pcamps$onL to t/e cell ;it/ t/e
/i"/est C1 :al.e
On s;itc/$on2 an &S periodicall0 meas.res t/e recei:ed po;er le:el on eac/ o+ t/e GCC'
+reA.encies o+ all cells ;it/in ran"e4 <rom t/ese periodic meas.rements t/e &S calc.lates t/e
mean recei:ed le:el :al.e +rom eac/ cell2 stored in t/e parameter RKLEV7n8 ;/ere
nQnei"/,o.rin" cell n.m,er 4cell reselection is ac/ie:ed ,0 comparin" c.rrent cell C1;it/
nei"/,o.rin" C1 cell meas.rements3
N Get;een cells ;it/in a Location Area3
C1 7ne;8 T C1 7old8
7+or more t/an % seconds8
N Get;een cells on a Location Area ,o.ndar03
C1 7ne;8 T C1 7old8 H O<<SET
Gased on t/ese calc.lated :al.es2 t/e &S selects ;/ic/ cell to connect to4 T/is connection
process is re+erred top as PCampin"$onL to t/at cell4 Once a mo,ile /as camped on to a cell2 it
;ill contin.e to meas.re nei"/,o.rin" GCC' carriers2 loo>in" +or a ,etter cell4
CALL &ANA-E&ENT
The &ollowing $teps Too( *lace while a
Mobile call is originated and
TerminatedB7

Mobile7to7Hand $cenario

Hand7to7Mobile $cenario

Mobile7to7Mobile $cenario
$T'#% D%$+)I*TI!N
-
)e4uest for sericesA the M$ re4uests to setup a call
2
'uthenticationA the M$+?FH) re4uests the 'C+ for 'uthentication parameters. Csing these
parameters the M$ is 'uthenticated.
5
+ipheringA using the parameters which were made aailable earlier during the authentication
the uplin( and the downlin( are ciphered.
:
%4uipment FalidationA the M$+?FH) re4uests the %I) to chec( the IM%I for alidity.
6
+all $etupA the M$+ establishes a connection to the M$.
0
,andoer 8s9
;
+all releaseA the speech path is released
&o,ile$to$Land CALL Scenario &o,ile$to$Land CALL Scenario
The following table lists the phases of a Mobile7to7Hand call.
Land$to$&o,ile CALL Scenario
The following table lists the phases of a Land$to$&o,ile CALL Scenario
$T'#%
Description
-
)outing 'nalysisA the M$ terminated call is routed to the isited M$+ using information from
the ,H) and FH).
2
*agingA the M$+ initiates a communication with the M$
5
'uthenticationA the M$+?FH) re4uests the 'C+ for authentication parameters. Csing these
parameters the M$ is authenticated.
:
+ipheringA using the parameters which were made aailable earlier during the authentication
the uplin( and the downlin( are ciphered.
6
%4uipment FalidationA the M$+?FH) re4uests the %I) to chec( the IM%I for alidation
0
+all setupA the M$+ establishes a connection to the M$.
;
,andoer 8s9
=
+all releaseA the speech path is released
&o,ile$to$&o,ile Scenario
*hases of a Mobile7to7Mobile +all
The Mobile7to7Mobile call phases can be sub diided in two partsB
-. The !riginating Mobile
2. The Terminating Mobile
!)I#IN'TIN# M!<IH%B
The phases of originating mobile areB

)e4uest for serices.

'uthentication 8optional9.

+iphering 8optional9.

+all setup

)elease
&o,ile$to$&o,ile Scenario
TER&9NATN- &OG9LE
The phases of originating mobile areB

)outing analysis

*aging

'uthentication 8optional9.

+iphering 8optional9.

%4uipment alidation 8optional9.

+all setup.

)elease.
%nd of *resentation