Contents

Bearings
Bearings Classification
Loads on Bearings
Rolling elements bearings
Ball bearings
Roller bearings
Needle bearings
Linear bearings
Thrust bearings
Sliding bearing
Magnetic bearings
Application of bearings
Bearing mounting
Bearing Selection
Each type of bearing has characteristic properties which make it
particularly suitable for certain applications. The main factors to be
considered when selection the correct type are:
Available Space
Magnitude and direction of load
(radial, axial, or combined)
Misalignment and dismounting procedures
Precision Required
Noise factor
Internal Clearance
Materials and cage design
Bearing Arrangement
Seals
Bearings
Provides support for rotating machine elements
Bearings
Bearings Classification
Bearings for Rotary
Motion
Magnetic Bearings
Sliding Bearings
(Fluid film bearings)
Rolling Elements
Roller Ball Needle
C
Y
LI
N
D
RI
C
A
T
a
p
e
r
B
a
r
r
e
l
Allocated Loads on Bearings
Ball Bearings
Radial and Axial loads
Roller Bearings
Radial and Axial loads
Needle Bearings
Only radial loads
Rolling Elements Bearings
Single row radial ball bearing
Good Radial Load
Moderate Axial Load
Very good speed
See the difference in the
curvature of the ball and the
race. (Point Contact)
Ball Bearings with shields
The shields are use to exclude dirt and foreign particles
Angular contact Bearings
Balls are inserted by thermally expanding
outer ring.
Can take greater axial load
Good Radial Loads
Good Axial loads
Good Speed
Double row ball Bearings
Good Radial
Loads
Poor Axial loads
Moderate Speed
Piece inner-ring ball bearings
Advantages:
The maximum complement
of balls makes for higher
load carrying capacity.
The very deep ball raceway
shoulder makes for high
thrust load capacity.
Thrust loads can be
handled in both directions.
Roller Bearings
Because of the line
contact, they can take
greater loads
They also have more
rolling resistance
Types of roller bearings
Cylindrical
Tapered
Barrel (Spherical)
Cylindrical roller bearings
Are used in applications like conveyer belt
rollers, where they must hold heavy radial loads.
Line contact to handle much greater loads than a
ball bearing.
Is not designed to handle much axial loading.
Very good Radial Loads
Poor Axial loads
Moderate to very good
Speed
Tapered roller bearings
Are used in car hubs, where they are
usually mounted in pairs facing opposite
directions so that they can handle thrust in
both directions.
Very good Radial Loads
Good Axial loads
Moderate Speed
Needle bearings(1/2)
Use large number of small diameter rollers
Usually there is no space between rollers
(needles). No cage required.
Very good Radial loads
No Axial loads
Poor to moderate speed
Linear bearings
Are used primarily where something needs to be moved along
a straight line with high accuracy. In other words, the object
needs to only translate in one direction, and possibly move
back to its starting position with high repeatability. The
implications for robotic pick-and-place are obvious, as are uses
for optical test fixturing and calibration.
Thrust bearings
Cylindrical roller
Spherical roller
Thrust Ball Bearings
Good Axial Loads
No Radial Loads
Poor Speeds
Ball thrust bearings
are mostly used for low-speed applications
No Radial Loads
Good Axial loads
Poor to Moderate Speed
Roller thrust bearings
1. They can support large thrust loads
2. They are often found in gear sets like car transmissions between
gears, and between the housing and the rotating shafts.
3. The helical gears used in most transmissions have angled teeth in
this causes a thrust load that must be supported by a bearing
Very good Axial Loads
No Radial Loads
Poor Speeds
Sliding Bearings (Fluid film bearings)
Fluid film bearings have no rolling elements
Lubricated by a film of liquid or gas which separate
moving member from the stationary member
The fluid (usually Oil) is circulated so that fresh, cool
oil is constantly entering the space between the
stationary and rotating pieces.
Sliding Bearings (Fluid film bearings)
Industrial machinery with high horsepower and high loads, such as:
steam turbines, centrifugal compressors, pumps and motors
Magnetic Bearings
Magnetic Bearings are operating in:
compressors, electric motors, pumps, turbo expanders, steam turbines, gas
turbines, centrifuges, etc.
Magnetic bearing systems represent a completely different approach to
the support of rotating equipment. (NON-CONTACTING TECHNOLOGY)
Magnetic bearings
Are a non-contacting technology
Negligible friction loss and no wear
Higher reliability
Enables previously unachievable surface speeds to be attained
Lubrication is eliminated
Conical Magnetic Bearings Developed for Active
Stall Control in Gas Turbine Engines
Magnetic Bearings for High Temperature
Smart Aero Engine
Bearing applications
Pumps
Gearboxes Mixers Wheels
Air Condition systems
Bearings in flight systems
Helicopter ball bearing
ball bearing
Tapered Roller bearing
Bearing Care Prior to Mounting
Store in original unopened pack ( rust Preventive
slush )
Handle the bearing with clean, dry hands and
with clean rage.
Keep bearing on clear paper and covered
Never use bearing as gauge.
Do not wash a new bearing ( protective coated
need not to be removed )
Mount bearing in dirt free space
Preparation for Mounting
Before mounting, all the necessary parts,
tools, equipment and data need to be at hand.
Refer recommended drawing & instruction
before hand.
Check & clean lining of all housings, shaft,
seal, and other component.
Hold the job firmly
Take measurement of components before
mounting & record for future reference.
Mount
Mount with sufficient press fit to avoid
creep(rotating load outer tight, shaft rotating
inner race tight)
Use mandrill, adopter, pusher (Threaded,
Hydraulic, Mechanical pressure) etc to mount
Mount or press tighter side race first
Ring, cage, rolling elements & seals should
receive direct blow
Press both races simultaneously if same fit on
both side
Take care of clearances mounted & unmounted
(designed for standard fit)

Thermal mounting
For large bearing heating is required to get
desired fit.
Heat the bearing about 150 to 250F.
Induction, oven heating preferred over oil
bath heating.
Housing heating is required if outer race is
tight by bulb etc.
reuse
Inspect after cleaning.
never spin a dirty bearing.
Use a small mirror & a dental type probe with a
rounded point to inspect race ways, cage &
rolling element.
Look for scratches, marks, streaks, cracks,
discolouration, mirror like surface
Carefully rotate & listen sound
Never wash a ZZ bearing these are lifetime sealed
Clean with light oil <SAE10

Lubrication

To prevent metal to metal contact, carry away
heat, prevent corrosion
Selected on the basis temperature, speed,
load, surrounding conditions
Methods: oil bath, oil picking rings, circulating
system, oil jet, oil mist(oil air mixture)
problems-Excessive heating

Excessive heating
1. Lubrication
2. Insufficient internal clearances
3. Improper bearing loading
4. Sealing condition
problems-Excessive noise

1. Metal to metal contact(too high temp, very
low speed, lack of lubrication, leakage, low
load, stiff lubrication)
2. contamination
3. looseness
4. Surface damage
5. rubbing
problems-Excessive vibration
1. Metal to metal contact(too high temp, very
low speed, lack of lubrication, leakage, low
load, stiff lubrication)
2. contamination
3. looseness
4. Surface damage
problems-Excessive shaft movement
1. looseness
2. Surface damage
3. Wrong design
4. Preloaded bearing(fit
problems-Excessive torque to rotate
1. Preloaded bearing(excessive fit, out of round
shaft, shaft material expand more)
2. Sealing drag(tight, misaligned, multiple seals,
not properly lubricated)
3. Surface damage
4. design
Bearing damage
Fatigue
Wear (abrasive, adhesive)
Corrosion (moisture, frictional)
Electrical erosion (excessive voltage, current
leakage)
Plastic deformation (overload, indentation,
from debris or by handling)
Fracture (forced, fatigue, thermal cracking)
Definitions

Fatigue a change in the material structure
caused by the repeated stresses developed in the
contacts between the rolling elements and
raceways.
Subsurface fatigue the initiation of micro-
cracks at a certain depth under the surface.
Surface initiated fatigue flaking that originates
at the rolling surfaces as opposed to subsurface.
Wear the progressive removal of material
Bearing Mounting
Bearing Mounting
Shaft/bearing bore has a light interference
fit.
Housing/outer race has a slight clearance fit.
(Check manufacturers catalog)
Match maximum permissible fillet radius.
Shaft or housing shoulders not to exceed
20% of diameter.
Typical bearing mounting
Other ways to locate bearings: retaining rings,
washers, screws, cotter pins, taper pins
Ball Bearing
Outer ring of one
bearing clamped
e.g. cover plate
bearing
free to float
Nuts clamp inner
ring to shaft
Shoulders
locate bearings
Bearing calculations - Lifetime
Dynamic load C is given by the manufacturer for a
specified lifetime (e.g. L= 106 cycles) and a probability
of survival, usually L The life (in millions of cycles) is
given by

L= [C/p]
K



(for steady load) where C is the rated Dynamic load
capacity and P is the load.
k is an empirical factor depending on the bearing: 3 for
ball bearings, 3.33 for roller bearings
Manufacturers Data
Vendors publish the
Basic Dynamic Load
rating (C) of a bearing
at an L10 life of
1 million cycles.
Stress Analysis
Contact Stress

c
=300,000 psi is not unusual
Balls, rollers and races are made
from extremely high strength steel
e.g. AISI 52100
s
y
= 260,000 psi
s
u
=322,000 psi
Bearing calculations - % failure
Bearings are designed for a finite life, with a
given probability of failure


Lx is the number of cycles at which x% of the
bearings fail; L10 is the number of cycles at
which 10% fail
Thrust factors, Y
Deep -groove, ball bearings
X = 0.56 for all values of Y