1919-1934- Filipinos

campaigned for independence

and sent twelve independence
missions to America.
1935- the Commonwealth of
the Philippines was finally
established.
July 4, 1946- this was the
preparatory step to the
established of the Third
Philippine Republic.
o . 1899-1901-Its was realize for a brief time
with the established for the First Philippine
Republic, only to be lost in a war against
Americans.
o Defeated in a war, the people accepted
American rule, trained in the presence of
democracy, assimilated American political
and cultural legacies. But they never ceased
to aspire for freedom.

1907- the Philippine Assembly and
the later the Philippine Legislature
passed resolution expressing the
Filipino desire for independence.
The Nacionalista Party won every
election because of its stirring cry:
Immediate Complete, and Absolute
Independence.

During the First World War the Filipinos
temporarily stopped their independence
campaign and supported the United States
against Germany. After the war they resumed
their independence drive with greater vigor. On
March 17, 1919, the Philippine Legislature
passed the famous Declaration of Purposes,
which stated the inflexible desire of the Filipino
people to be free and sovereign.
February 28, 1919- Senate President Quezon,
left Manila to Washington. It consisted of 40
prominent Filipinos representing the political,
educational, and economic elements of the
country. The Filipinos were received by
Secretary of War Baker, who extended to them
the courtesies of the American nation. They
presented the Filipino case before congress,
and them returned home.
President Wilson, in his farewell address to
Congress on December 2, 1920,
recommended the granting of Philippine
Independence. Unfortunately, the
Republican Party then controlled
Congress, so that the recommendation of
the outgoing Democratic president was not
heeded.

The failure of the First Independence
Mission did not discourage the Filipino
people. In subsequent years other
indepence missions were sent across the
Pacific. The Second mission was sent in
1922, thre third in 1923, the fourth in
1924, the fifth in 1925, the sixth in 1927,
the seventh in 1928, the eight in 1930,
the ninth in 1931(OSROX MISSION), the
tenth (one-man mission consisting of
Benigno Aquino) in 1932,the eleventh in
1933, and the twelve in November 1933.
The OsRox Mission (1931) was a campaign for
self-government and United States recognition of
the independence of the Philippines led by
former Senate President Sergio Osmea and
House Speaker Manuel Roxas. The mission
secured the HareHawesCutting Act, which
was rejected by the Philippine Legislature and
Manuel Quezon.
The OsRox Mission was the 9th Independence
Mission in a series of missions lasting from 1919
to 1933.[1] While the previous missions gave
good impressions of the Filipinos in the minds of
Americans, they were marked by
misunderstandings among Filipino leaders. The
Americans had mixed opinions on whether to
give the Philippines independence; some political
leaders in the US thought that giving the
Philippines independence would result in them
losing their power in business.[2]
The OsRox Mission stayed in the US the longest and
secured the passage of the HareHawesCutting
Act. It would establish the Philippine
Commonwealth as a transition government for 12
years before receiving independence on July 4,
1946.
[
It separated the Philippine Legislature in two
"camps", the Antis and the Pros.

The Pros were led
by Osmea and Roxas, who supported the act as
they believed it was the best one they could get out
of the US Congress.

Senate President Manuel
Quezon led the Antis and objected the act due to its
"objectionable features.
]
He also believed that the
act did not truly grant the Philippines independence.

Aside from granting the Philippines independence,
the HareHawesCutting Act also reserved military
bases from the US and let American goods into the
country for free. These provisions were seen as
controversial.
The Philippine Legislature ended up rejecting the
OsRox Mission's work for the following reasons:
1.The provisions affecting the trade relations
between the United States and the Philippines
would seriously imperil the economic, social and
political institutions of the country and might
defeat the avowed purpose to secure
independence for the Philippines at the end of
the transition period.
2.The immigration clause was objectionable and
offensive to the Filipino people.
3.The powers of the High Commissioner were too
indefinite.
4.The military, naval and other reservations
provided for in the act were inconsistent with true
independence, violated dignity and were subject
to misunderstanding.

The HHC-act proved to be a disruptive factor in
the Philippine politics because it divided the
people into two opposing camps the Antis and
the Pros. The Antis, led by Senate President
Quezon, opposed the act because of itas
objectionable features. The Pros, headed by
Senator Osmea and Speaker Roxas, upheld it
on ground that it was the best independence
measure that could be obtained from Congress.
Before the final passage of the HHC-act, Senate
President Quezon, who was in Manila,
expressed his objections to the pending
independence legislation. In December 1932, he
sent a one-man mission (Aquino) to Washington
with definite instruction regarding his
objections. Aquino, however, was won over by
Osmea and Roxas to their side.
The following year Quezon left Manila at head of
the eleventh mission. The home-bound OSROX
Mission met the Quezon Mission in Paris. The
two missions failed to come to an understanding.
With strained relations, they returned together to
Manila.
It eclipsed the famous Osmea-Quezon fight in
1921, which split for the first time the
Nacionalistas into two warring factions the
unipersonalistas(Osmea Wing) and the
Colectivistas(Quezon Wing). On October 17,
1933, the Quezon-controlled Philippine
Legislature rejected the HHC-act. The following
month, Quezon himself led the twelfth mission to
Washington to secure a better independence act.

Following a series of conferences with President
Franklin D. Roosevelt and various Congressional
Leaders, Quezon was able to win Congress to
his side. A new independence measure, called
the Tydings-McDuffie Law (so named after its
sponsors Senator Millard E. Tydings and
Representative John McDuffie), was passed and
signed by President Roosevelt on March 24,
1934. It was a revised copy of the spurned HHC
act of 1933. The only difference from the HHC
act were the change in the title, the eleminetion
of military reservations, and the modification of
certain vague provisions.
July 4, 1946- preparatory granting of
independence.

April 30, 1934 Senate President Quezon
proudly returned to Manila with a copy of the
Tydings-McDuffie Law.
May 1 The Philippine Legislature accepted the
law.
This did not end the controversy between the
Antis and the Pros, for the latter insisted that the
Tydings McDuffie Law was the same as the
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law.
June 5, 1934-the issue was presented to the
people in the general election. The Pros down in
defeat. Quezon and his men surged to power by
popular vote. Osmea and Roxas were reelected
to the Legislature, but they lost their respective
positions as President Pro-tempore of the
Senate and Speaker of the House. Quintin
Paredes became the Speaker of the House and
Jose Clarin became Senate President Pro-
tempore.
The Tydings-McDuffie Law authorized the
Philippine Legislature to call a
constitutional convention to draft the
Constitution of the Philippines.
May 5, 1934-the Philippine Legislature
passed an act setting the election of 202
delegates to the convention.
Governor-General Frank Murphy-
designated July 10 as the date of election
of delegates to the convention.
Of the 202 delegates the majority
were lawyers, including many who
had been judges, legislator, and
cabinet men. Others were
educators, scholars, writers,
physicians, farmers,
businessmen, labor leaders, and
religious ministers. With the
exception of a few rich
hacienderosand financers, the
delegates were mostly of the
middle class.
TEODORO SANDIKO
(74 YEARS OLD)
WENCESLAO VINZONS
(25 YEARS OLD)
At 10:30 am in the morning of July 30, 1934- the convention
met in inaugural session at the hall of the House of
Representative, Legislative Building, Manila. The Batanes
delegates were delayed in coming to Manila because of the
difficulty of transportation. A vast crowd jamming the Session
Hall to witness the opening ceremonies.
The convenmtionb was formally opened by Senater President
Quezon. A solemn invocation over, President Quezon
delivered a short speech, after which he oprdered the calling
of the roll of delegates. A quorum was declared Jose P.
Laurel, delegate from Batangas, was chosen temporary
chairman, and he presided over the election of the
Convention officers.
The elected officers of the Convenmtion were Claro M. Recto,
president, Ruberto Montinola and Teodoro Sandiko, first and
second vice-president, respectively; Narciso Pimentel,
secretary; and Narciso Diokno, sergeant and arms.

The convention was too unwieldy a body to draft
a constitution. It was therefore, divided into two
committees. There were sevebn standing
commitees on the organization and the function
of the Convention and forty committees of the
constitution. The largest and the most powerful
of these committees was the Sponsorship
Committee of 87 members, with Delegate
Filemon Sotto as chairman.
According to the rules adopted by the
Convention, any delegate could submit
constitutional proposals. These proposals would
be studied by the pertinent committees which, in
turn, would make their reports to the
Sponsorship Committee.
After working for sometime over the numerous
proposals received from the different committee,
the Sponsorship Committee found out that it
could not work fast enough owing to its large
membership. Accordingly, on October 8, 1934, it
created a Sub-Committee of Seven to draft the
Constitution. This body was composed of
Filemon Sotto (chairman), Manuel A. Roxas,
Norberto Romualdez, Manuel C. Briones,
Condrado Benitez, Miguel Cuaderno, and
Vicente Singson Encarnacion, they were called
the seven wise men by the press.
October 20, 1934- the sub-committee of seven
reported the finished draft of the constitution to
the sponsorship committee which, in turn,
submitted it to the convention.
January 31, 1935- the convention approved the
draft, with certain amendments.
February 8, 1935- the constitution was approved
by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. Twenty-
two members were absent. One member had
died in August 1934. The only dissenting vote
was cast by Delegate Tomas Cabili of Lanao.
The drafting of the constitution lasted six months-
from July 30. 1934 to February 1935, amidst
impressive ceremonies.
The establishment of the
Commonwealth of the
Philippines
The Philippines during the
Commonwealth Era
Agrarian Unrest in Central
Luzon

Reorganization of the Government
Filipinization of the Judiciary
Granting of Woman Suffrage
Creation of New Charted Cities
The Adaptation of a National Language
Promotion of Social Justice
Promotion of the Education of the Filipinos
Compulsory Military Training of Able-Bodied Filipino Youths
Creation of the JPCA(Joint Preparatory Committee on Philippine
Affairs
Agricultural Development
Enhancement of Domestic Trade
Passage of Three Amendments to the 1935 Constitution
November 11,1941 The first national election under the amended 1935
Constitution was held, before the outbreak of the World War II in the
Pacific. Three aspirants presidential competed with Quezon for
presidency. Pedro Abad of the Socialist Party; Juan Sumulong of the
Popular Front; and Hilario C. Moncado of the Modernist
Party.President Manuel Quezon and V.Pres. Sergio Osmea were re-
elected by the people for a second term. And they won the presidency
and Vpres but the Nacionalista Party Representative only won 3 seats
December 30, 1941 Quezon and Osmea was inaugurated.
January 2, 1942 The Japanese occupied the Philippines and the
Commonwealth Regime was interrupt. The Common Wealth led by
Manuel Quezon went into exile in the U.S. Quezon died due to
tuberculosis and Osmea took the presidency of the Commonwealth.
At the same time, the Japanese forces installed a puppet govvernment
in Manila that was led by Jose P. Laurel as the president. The
government was known as the Second Philippine Republic.