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Data and Computer Communications: - Protocol Architecture, TCP/IP, and Internet-Based Applications

The document discusses network communication protocols and models. It describes the OSI model developed by ISO which defines 7 layers of network communication, from the physical layer dealing with individual bits up to the application layer providing services to users. It also describes the TCP/IP model used for the Internet, which has 4 main layers - application, transport, internet, and physical. Each layer is responsible for different aspects of communication and passing data between applications on different hosts or networks.

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Hamza Hasnyne
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
52 views

Data and Computer Communications: - Protocol Architecture, TCP/IP, and Internet-Based Applications

The document discusses network communication protocols and models. It describes the OSI model developed by ISO which defines 7 layers of network communication, from the physical layer dealing with individual bits up to the application layer providing services to users. It also describes the TCP/IP model used for the Internet, which has 4 main layers - application, transport, internet, and physical. Each layer is responsible for different aspects of communication and passing data between applications on different hosts or networks.

Uploaded by

Hamza Hasnyne
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data and Computer

Communications
Chapter 2 Protocol Architecture,
TCP/IP, and Internet-Based
Applications
2.2
2-1 LAYERED TASKS
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an
example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.
2.3
Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter
Transport
Application
Network access
Application
Transport
Network access
Simplified Network
Architecture
2.5
2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
2.6
Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model
2.7
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model
2.8
Figure 2.5 Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
2.9
Figure 2.6 Data link layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
2.10
Figure 2.8 Network layer
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
2.11
Figure 2.10 Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
2.12
Figure 2.12 Session layer
The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
2.13
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.
2.14
Figure 2.14 Application layer
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.
2.15
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
developed by US Defense Advanced
Research Project Agency (DARPA)
for ARPANET packet switched network
used by the global Internet
protocol suite comprises a large collection
of standardized protocols
TCP/IP Layers
no official model but a working one
Application layer
Host-to-host, or transport layer
Network access layer
Physical layer
2.18
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model
Physical Layer
concerned with physical interface between
computer and network
concerned with issues like:
characteristics of transmission medium
signal levels
data rates
other related matters
Network Access & internet
Layer
exchange of data between an end system
and attached network
concerned with issues like :
destination address provision
invoking specific services like priority
access to & routing data across a network link
between two attached systems
allows layers above to ignore link specifics

routing functions across multiple networks
for systems attached to different networks
using IP protocol
implemented in end systems and routers
routers connect two networks and relays
data between them

Network Access & internet
Layer
Transport Layer (TCP)
common layer shared by all applications
provides reliable delivery of data
in same order as sent
commonly uses TCP
Application Layer
provide support for user applications
need a separate module for each type of
application

Operation of TCP and IP
TCP/IP Applications
have a number of standard TCP/IP
applications such as
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Telnet

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