Proprietary and Confidential

Introduction to 802.1 P/Q

Proprietary and Confidential
Objectives
2
Understand the need for smaller broadcast domains

Understand what is VLAN

Understand the difference between tagged and untagged frame

Understand VLAN applications
Proprietary and Confidential
Associated IEEE Standards
3
IEEE 802.3 : Ethernet (Max. frame size = 1518 bytes)

IEEE 802.3ac : Ethernet (Max. frame size = 1522 bytes)

IEEE 802.1 d : MAC Bridge first introduced the concept of Filtering
Services in a bridged local network

IEEE 802.1 q : VLAN Tagging

IEEE 802.1 p : Priority Tagging / Mapping

IEEE 802.1ag : OAM (CFM)

Proprietary and Confidential
What is VLAN?

Advantages for using VLAN

Regular Ethernet frame

Tagged frame structure

Types of VLAN

Types of connections

802.1P implementations

2 of 19
Agenda
Agenda
4
Proprietary and Confidential
A Layer 2 Protocol which enables enhanced
traffic maneuvers :

Prioritization
Filtering
Provisioning
Mapping (e.g. - ATM to/from ETH)
4 of 19
What is VLAN?
5
Proprietary and Confidential
5 of 19
What is VLAN?
Regular ETH networks forward broadcast frames to all endpoints
6
Proprietary and Confidential
6 of 19
VLAN networks forward broadcast frames only to pre-defined ports
(Profile Membership)
VLAN 1
VLAN 547
Switch ports
What is VLAN?
7
Proprietary and Confidential
Breaking large networks into smaller parts (Formation of virtual workgroups)

Simplified Administration (no need for re-cabling when user moves)

Improving Broadcast & Multicast traffic utilization

Mapping expensive backbones (ATM) to simpler & cheaper ETH backbones

Security establishing tunnels / trunks through the network for dedicated
users (traffic between VLANs is restricted).
3 of 19
Advantages of VLAN
8
Proprietary and Confidential
7 of 19
Before we start explaining bit by bit, what is VLAN
and how does it work, let us review first the
structure of a regular ETH frame
9
Proprietary and Confidential
8 of 19
Preamble + SFD DA SA Length / Type DATA + PAD FCS
6 Bytes 6 Bytes 8 Bytes 2 Bytes 46 - 1500 Bytes
4 Bytes
(32-bit
CRC)
FCS is created by the sender and recalculated by the receiver
Length / Type < 1500 - Parameter indicates number of Data Bytes
Length / Type > 1536 - Parameter indicates Protocol Type (PPPoE, PPPoA, ARP etc.)

Minimum 64 Bytes < FRAME SIZE < Maximum 1518 Bytes
Untagged Ethernet Frame
10
Proprietary and Confidential
4 of 42 9 of 19
Additional information is inserted
Frame size increases to 1522 Bytes
4 Bytes
16 Bit
3 Bit 1 Bit 12 Bit
TPID = 0x8100 TCI
CFI P-TAG VLAN ID
TPID = Tag protocol ID
TCI = Tag Control Information
CFI = 1 bit canonical Format Indicator
Preamble + SFD DA SA Length / Type DATA + PAD FCS VLAN TAG
Tagged Ethernet Frame
11
Proprietary and Confidential
VLAN ID uses 12 bits, therefore the number of maximum VLANs is
4094:

2^12 = 4096
VID 0 = reserved
VID 4096 = reserved (every vendor may use some VIDs for internal purposes such as MNG etc.)
VID 1 = default

After tagging a frame, FCS is recalculated

CFI is set to 0 for ETH frames, 1 for Token Ring to allow TR frames
over ETH backbones (some vendors may use CFI for internal purposes)
Tagging a Frame
12
Proprietary and Confidential
Protocol type Value
Tagged Frame 0x8100
ARP 0x0806
Q-in-Q (CISCO) 0x8100
Q-in-Q (other vendors) 0x88A8
Q-in-Q (other vendors) 0x9100
Q-in-Q (other vendors) 0x9200
RARP 0x8035
IP 0x0800
IPv6 0x86DD
PPPoE 0x8863/0x8864
MPLS 0x8847/0x8848
IS-IS 0x8000
LACP 0x8809
802.1x 0x888E
TPID in tagged frames in always set to
0x8100
TPID / ETHER-Type / Protocol Type
It is important that you understand
the meaning and usage of this
parameter


Later when we discuss QoS, we
shall demonstrate how & why the
system audits this parameter
13
Proprietary and Confidential
10 of 19
Membership by Port
VID Port
1 1
1 2
44 3
200 4
PRO easy configured
CON no user mobility
VID1
VID1
VID 44
VID200
VLAN types
14
Proprietary and Confidential
11 of 19
Membership by MAC
VID MAC
1 00:33:ef:38:01:23
1 00:01:de:22:42:ae
44 00:20:8f:40:15:ef
200 00:20:32:35:ea:11
PRO user mobility, no reconfiguration when PC moves

CON needs to be assigned initially, not an easy task with
thousands of endpoints
VLAN types
15
Proprietary and Confidential
12 of 19
Membership by Subnet Address (a.k.a. Layer 3 VLAN)
VID Subnet Address
1 10.0.0.0 / 24
1 20.0.0.0 / 30
44 11.0.0.0 / 24
200 192.168.1.0 / 24
Membership is based on the Layer 3 header
No process of IP address is done

Main disadvantage longer overall throughput
VLAN types
16
Proprietary and Confidential
Membership by Protocol Type

VID Protocol Type
1 IP
44 IPX
The VID is derived from the protocol type field
found in the Layer 2 header
13 of 19
VLAN types
17
Proprietary and Confidential
14 of 19
VLAN aware Switch
Device unaware of VLANs
transmits untagged
(regular) ETH frames
Switch tags the ingress
frames with VID according
to specific Tagging
mechanism
Access Port a port which is not aware of VLANs
(Cannot tag outgoing frames or un-tag incoming frames)
A
Port Types
18
Proprietary and Confidential
14 of 19
Device unaware of VLANs
transmits untagged
(regular) ETH frames
Switch tags the ingress frames with VID according to
specific Tagging mechanism

Switch un-tags frames with VID received from network
and delivers untagged frames to Access ports
Trunk Port a port which is aware of VLANs
(Can tag or un-tag incoming frames)
VLAN aware Switch
A T
Port Types
19
Proprietary and Confidential
VLAN aware Switch
14 of 19 14 of 19
Trunk Port can carry tagged frames with different VIDs.
This requires Port Membership configuration.
A
T
A A
This port is not a member of the Trunk
port membership list, hence, traffic is
discarded
Port Types
20
Proprietary and Confidential

VLAN
aware Switch
15 of 19
Q-in-Q (A.K.A. Double TaggingVLAN Encapsulation)
Enhanced security not exposing original VID

Improved flexibility of VID in the network
(Ingress VID was already assigned in the network)
CN PN
+
Port Types
21

Introduction to QoS / CoS
22
Proprietary and Confidential
We can extend the benefits of ATM QoS into Ethernet LANs to guarantee Ethernet priorities
across the ATM backbone. A L2 switch or L3 router reads incoming 802.1p or IP ToS priority
bits, and classifies traffic accordingly.

To match the priority level with the appropriate ATM service class and other parameters, the
switch then consults a mapping table with pre-defined settings.
CBR

VBR

UBR
P-Tag 6

P-Tag 4

P-Tag 0

Mapping ATM QoS over ETH CoS (RFC 1483)
Core
Site
Hub
Site
Tail site
RNC
BSC/MSC
FibeAir
IP-10


n x T1/E1
FE/GE
GE
GE
STM1/
OC3
ATM
Router
MPLS
Router IP-10
23
Proprietary and Confidential
16 of 19
Mapping ETH to MPLS and vice versa
Core
Site
Hub
Site
Tail site
RNC
BSC/MSC
FibeAir
IP-10


n x T1/E1
FE/GE
GE
GE
STM1/
OC3
STM1/
OC3
MPLS
Router
MPLS
Router IP-10
IP-10s L2 switch can take part in the process of transporting
services through MPLS core


Frames/services are mapped to MPLS FECs according to:
VLAN ID mapped to MPLS EXP bits
VLAN P-Bit mapped to MPLS EXP bits
24
Proprietary and Confidential
802.1P utilizes Traffic Classes:

A switch port allocates ingress frames to
queues (buffers) according to their P-Tag
value

The more queues the more prioritizing
levels (classes)

Downside more time, more memory

Normally 4 queues (TCs) are sufficient

In this example the port groups a few Bits
into a single queue

8 priority levels become 3 classes
25
VLAN P-Bit Remap (Traffic Classes)
Q4 High
Q3
Q2
Q1 Low
P-Bits 6-7
P-Bits 4-5
P-Bits 0-3
Proprietary and Confidential
Ingress
P-Tags
Number of Available Traffic Classes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 (default)
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2
3
0 0 0 1 1 2 3 3
4
0 1 1 2 2 3 4 4
5
0 1 1 2 2 3 4 5
6
0 1 2 3 3 4 5 6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Egress P-Tag
IEEE Recommendation

The following table shows
IEEE definition of traffic
classes

It shows the ingress options
for P-Tag VS. egress P-tag

The number of egress
priorities (classes) depend
on the number of assigned
queues


26
VLAN P-Bit Remap (Traffic Classes)
Proprietary and Confidential
Acronyms
ETH Ethernet
NIC Network Internet Card
VID Vlan ID
VLAN Virtual LAN
P-TAG Priority Tag, Priority Bits
CFI Canonical Format Indicator
TPID Tag Protocol Identifier
FCS Frame Check Sequence
DA Destination Address
SA Source Address
QoS Quality of Service
27
Proprietary and Confidential

Thank You !
training@ceragon.com
28