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    Chain Polymerization Free Radical Polymerization

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    bishnukoiry
    This document describes the process of free radical polymerization. It involves three main stages: initiation, propagation, and termination. In initiation, free radicals are formed using heat, light, or redox reactions to break bonds on initiator molecules. Propagation involves these free radicals adding monomers to the growing polymer chain. Termination occurs when two growing chains combine or one transfers a hydrogen to another, stopping further growth. Overall, free radical polymerization is a chain reaction where polymer molecules grow through the continuous addition of monomers.

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    Chain Polymerization Free Radical Polymerization

    Uploaded by

    bishnukoiry
    119 views10 pages
    This document describes the process of free radical polymerization. It involves three main stages: initiation, propagation, and termination. In initiation, free radicals are formed using heat, light, or redox reactions to break bonds on initiator molecules. Propagation involves these free radicals adding monomers to the growing polymer chain. Termination occurs when two growing chains combine or one transfers a hydrogen to another, stopping further growth. Overall, free radical polymerization is a chain reaction where polymer molecules grow through the continuous addition of monomers.

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    This document describes the process of free radical polymerization. It involves three main stages: initiation, propagation, and termination. In initiation, free radicals are formed using heat, light, or redox reactions to break bonds on initiator molecules. Propagation involves these free radicals adding monomers to the growing polymer chain. Termination occurs when two growing chains combine or one transfers a hydrogen to another, stopping further growth. Overall, free radical polymerization is a chain reaction where polymer molecules grow through the continuous addition of monomers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    119 views10 pages

    Chain Polymerization Free Radical Polymerization

    Uploaded by

    bishnukoiry
    This document describes the process of free radical polymerization. It involves three main stages: initiation, propagation, and termination. In initiation, free radicals are formed using heat, light, or redox reactions to break bonds on initiator molecules. Propagation involves these free radicals adding monomers to the growing polymer chain. Termination occurs when two growing chains combine or one transfers a hydrogen to another, stopping further growth. Overall, free radical polymerization is a chain reaction where polymer molecules grow through the continuous addition of monomers.

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    CHAIN POLYMERIZATION

    Free Radical Polymerization


    Free radical are independently-existing species that have
    unpaired electron. Normally they are highly reactive
    with short life time.
    Free radical polymerizations are chain polymerizations
    in which each polymer molecules grows by addition of
    monomer to a terminal free-radical reactive site known
    as active center.
    After each addition the free radical is transferred to the
    chain end.
    Chain polymerization is characterized by three distinct
    stages, Initiation, propagation and termination.
    Example
    The formation of polyvinyl monomer.
    CH
    2
    = CHX
    INITIATION
    This stage is a two steps stage
    1. The formation of free radicals from an
    initiator.
    2. The addition of one of these free radicals to a
    monomer molecules.
    Free radical can be formed by two principal
    1. Homolytic scission (homolysis) or breakage of
    a single bond.
    2. Single electron transferred to or from an ion
    or molecule (redox reactions)
    Homolytic can be achieved by heat (thermolysis)
    or by light such as U.V. (photolysis).
    Example
    Sometimes the radicals undergo further breakdown (-
    scissions) such as
    O O O
    -C-0-0-C- 2 -C-O

    Benzoly peroxide Benzolyooxy radicals
    (CH
    3
    )
    2
    C-N = N- C (CH
    3
    )
    2
    2(CH
    3
    )
    2
    C + N
    2

    CN CN CN
    Azobisisobutyronitril 2-Cyanopropyl radicals
    O O
    -C-0 + C = O

    (CH
    3
    )
    2
    - C-O CH
    3
    + (CH
    3
    )
    2
    -C = 0
    CH3 Methyl acetone
    radical
    PHOTOLYSIS
    Photolysis is the second principle of free
    radical formation.
    The advantage of this method is that the
    formation of free radicals begins at the
    instant of exposure and cases as soon as
    the light source is removed.

    REDOX REACTION
    Redox reaction defined as the generation of free
    radicals by electron transfer and it is use when
    polymerization performed at low temperature.
    Example
    CH
    3
    CH
    3

    -C-0-0H + Fe
    2+`
    -C-O + OH + Fe
    3+

    CH
    3
    CH
    3

    Cumyl Ferrous Cumyloyloxy
    hydroperoxide ion radical
    O O O O O O
    O-S-O-O-S-O + HO-S-O 0-S-O + O-S-O + OH-S-O
    O O O O
    Presulphate Bisulphate Sulphate Sulphate Bisulphate
    ion ion ion radical radical
    An active center is crated when a free radical (R
    o
    )
    which is generated from an initiator attacks the -bond
    of the monomer molecules.
    R + CH
    2
    = CH R-CH
    2
    -CH or R-CH - CH
    2

    X X X
    This is more This is more
    likely stable
    Sometime free radical react with each other such as:
    O O O
    2 -C-0 -C-O- + C = O

    OR

    2
    PROPAGATION
    The addition of monomer molecules to the active center to grow
    the polymer chain.
    There are two modes of chain propagation
    Again mode (1) are more dominant.
    Time of addition for each monomer is of the order of a millisecond.
    Thus several thousands of additions can take place in a few seconds.
    Therefore polymer structure are like
    -----CH
    2
    -CH-CH
    2
    -CH-CH
    2
    -CH-CH
    2
    -CH------
    X X X X
    1. Head to Tail
    R-CH
    2
    -CH + CH
    2
    =CH R-CH
    2
    -CH-CH
    2
    -CH
    X X X X
    2. Head to Head
    R-CH
    2
    -CH + CH
    2
    =CH R-CH
    2
    -CH-CH-CH
    2

    X X X X
    TERMINATION
    The last stage of chain reaction in which the growth of
    the polymer chain terminated (or stopped).
    There are two mechanisms of termination
    1. Combination
    Coupling together of two growing chains to form a
    single polymer molecules. polystyrene
    2. Disproportionation
    when a hydrogen atom move from one growing chain to
    another
    --CH
    2
    -CH + CH - CH
    2
    --- ---- CH
    2
    -CH- CH-CH
    2
    ---
    X X X X
    H H
    --CH
    2
    -CH + C - C--- ----CH
    2
    -CH
    2
    + CH=CH
    2
    ---
    X X H X X
    Saturated end Unsaturated end
    group polymer group polymer
    Thank You
    See You Next Lecture

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