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    Mughals Empire Detail

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    The Great Mughal Empire ruled northern India from 1526 to 1707. Key Mughal emperors included Babur who established the empire, Akbar the Great who expanded it and promoted religious tolerance, Shah Jahan the master builder who constructed the Taj Mahal, and Aurangzeb whose intolerance strained the empire. Under the Mughals, India experienced a golden age of art, architecture, and Islamic culture.

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    Mughals Empire Detail

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    mkothari_mt_abu
    187 views19 pages
    The Great Mughal Empire ruled northern India from 1526 to 1707. Key Mughal emperors included Babur who established the empire, Akbar the Great who expanded it and promoted religious tolerance, Shah Jahan the master builder who constructed the Taj Mahal, and Aurangzeb whose intolerance strained the empire. Under the Mughals, India experienced a golden age of art, architecture, and Islamic culture.

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    Its worth for those students who want to make a project on The Mughal Empire.

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    The Great Mughal Empire ruled northern India from 1526 to 1707. Key Mughal emperors included Babur who established the empire, Akbar the Great who expanded it and promoted religious tolerance, Shah Jahan the master builder who constructed the Taj Mahal, and Aurangzeb whose intolerance strained the empire. Under the Mughals, India experienced a golden age of art, architecture, and Islamic culture.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    187 views19 pages

    Mughals Empire Detail

    Uploaded by

    mkothari_mt_abu
    The Great Mughal Empire ruled northern India from 1526 to 1707. Key Mughal emperors included Babur who established the empire, Akbar the Great who expanded it and promoted religious tolerance, Shah Jahan the master builder who constructed the Taj Mahal, and Aurangzeb whose intolerance strained the empire. Under the Mughals, India experienced a golden age of art, architecture, and Islamic culture.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that the Mughal Empire was the greatest Muslim dynasty to rule India, lasting from 1526-1707. Some of the major Mughal emperors included Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jehangir, Shah Jehan, and Aurangzeb.

    Babur defeated the Delhi Sultanate in 1526 and established the Mughal Empire. He gained control of northern India and made Agra the capital. However, he only ruled for 4 years before passing away in 1530.

    After Babur died, Humayun inherited a disunited and disorganized empire. In 1540, he was defeated by Sher Shah and lost control of the empire for several years. He also died in an accident in 1556.

    The Great Mughal Empire

    1526-1707

    Introduction
    Under the Mughals, India was the heart of a great Islamic empire and
    a prolific center of Islamic culture and learning.
    Dynasty was the greatest, richest and longest lasting Muslim dynasty
    to rule India.
    Mongol Descendents
    The Great Mughal Emperors were:
    Babur (1526-1530) The First of the Mughals
    Humayun (1530-1556) The Luckless Leader
    Akbar (1556-1605) The Great
    Jehangir (1605-1627) The Paragon of Stability
    Shah Jehan (1627-1658) The Master Builder
    Aurangzeb (1658-1707) The Intolerant

    Babur 1526 - 1530


    The First of the Mughals

    Babur was a direct descendant of the Turkish Ghengis Khan


    and Timur from Tamerlane.
    Defeated the Delhi Sultanate & established the Mughal Empire.
    Gunpowder, a skilled commander, trained soldiers on horses contributed to the
    victory

    Gained control of the whole northern India


    Made Agra capital

    He reigned for 4 short years and died at age 47 in 1530.


    Did not enact new laws or organization in the empire due to early his death

    Humayun 1530 - 1556


    The Luckless Leader
    After Babur died, he was succeeded by his son Humayun in
    1530. Humayun was 23 years old.
    He was not a soldier and unlike his father, neither skilled nor a wise leader.
    Inherited a disunited and disorganized empire.
    In 1540, Sher Shah of Bengal defeated Humayun and took over the Mughal
    Empire. The Empire was lost from 1540-1545.
    He was exiled but later regained power in 1555.

    Humayun died in 1556 after falling down the steps of his library; he is
    known as the luckless one.

    Akbar 1556 - 1605


    The Great
    Akbar become the new Mughal ruler at the age of 14.
    Regent and his mother ruled in his name for 4 years

    Akbar was an ambitious and noble commander


    Built the largest army ever in the empire.
    Helped to conquer nearly all of modern-day northern India and Pakistan.

    Great administrator
    developed a centralized government
    It delegated 15 provinces each under a governor and each province into
    districts and each district was further sub-divided into smaller sections.

    Best known for tolerance of his subjects (especially Hindus)


    Removed poll taxes on Hindus

    Invited religious scholars to debate him in his private chambers.


    Developed his own faith call Din Ilahi.
    Din Ilahi was a mixture of the other religions Akbar had studied from those
    debates.
    Religion never caught on

    Jehangir 1605 - 1627


    The Paragon of Stability
    Jehangir succeeded his father Akbar in 1605.
    Opposite of his father
    Poor monarch and warrior but good at maintaining the status quo.

    He continued many of Akbars policies.

    Freedom of worship.
    Fair treatment of Hindus.
    Continued friendship and alliance with Rajputs.
    Allowed foreigners like the Portuguese and English into India for
    trade.

    Jehangir married Nur Jahan. She became the real ruler of


    the empire until the death of her husband.

    Jehangir Issues (specific)


    Under the influence of his wife and many
    others, Jehangir was not an able ruler like
    his father.
    He loved to drink and enjoy himself.
    He had to suppress many rebellions.
    Important posts in the court were given to
    families, friends, and especially those close to
    his wife, Jahan.

    Shah Jehan 1627 - 1658


    The Master Builder
    Shah Jehan succeeded his father in 1627.
    Better ruler than Jehangir.

    Restored the efficiency of government.


    Recovered territories.
    Maintained peace
    Foreign traders were allowed into India and trade increased
    considerably.

    The empire was expanded.


    Shah Jehan was a patron of the arts
    Built many great architecture buildings including the Taj Mahal
    and the Peacock Throne, a brilliant gold throne encased in
    hundreds of precious gems.

    Shah Jehan
    Taj Mahal
    Built in honor of his wife who died during childbirth.
    Took over a decade to build and it nearly bankrupted the
    empire.

    1657 - Shah Jehan became seriously ill and a dispute


    over the succession of the throne ensued between his
    three sons.
    Aurangzeb deposed Shah Jehan in a coup detat in
    1658. Shah Jehan was imprisoned in the Octagonal
    Tower of the Agra Fort from which he could see the Taj
    Mahal. He died in 1666 and was buried next to his wife
    in the Taj Mahal.

    Aurangzeb 1658 - 1707


    The Intolerant
    Aurangzeb ascended the throne after disposing his
    father and beating out his two brothers.
    Despot
    severely persecuted Hindus of Northern India.

    Empire declines under his reign


    He removed the tax-free status for Hindus
    Destroyed their temples
    Crushed semi-autonomous Hindu states

    Primary Interest - Promote Islam vs tolerance

    Aurangzeb
    Aurangzeb over expanded the empire and strained his resources.
    Large sums of money and manpower were lost.
    He lost the support of the Hindu people.
    The over expansion of his empire weakened his administration.

    Aurangzeb died in 1707


    s son Bahadur Shah succeeded him. Bahadur was so old by the time he
    ascended the throne, he only managed to live a few more years. But at
    this point in time, the government was so unstable and so weak, the
    empire become an easy target of invasion and exploitation, first by the
    Persians, and then by the British.

    The death of Aurangzeb and the short reign of his son led to the end of
    the Mughal empire and the beginning of British Rule.

    Aurangzebs Architectural Legacy

    Taj Mahal, Agra 1631-1652


    Shah Jehan

    Bibi ka Maqbara, Aurangbab 1678


    Aurangzeb

    Built nearly 50 years apart, the Taj Mahal and the Bibi la Maqbara are very
    similar in architectural style. Aurangzebs other architectural legacy included:
    Moti Masjid (Delhi Fort), Delhi (1659)
    Buri-I-Shamali (Delhi Fort), Delhi
    Badshahi Mosque, Lahore (1674)

    The Success of the Mughals


    It is agreed among many scholars that the Mughal empire was the
    greatest, richest and most long-lasting Muslim dynasty to rule India.
    This period of Mughal rule produced the finest and most elegant art
    and architecture in the history of Muslim dynasties.
    The Mughal emperors, with few exceptions, were among the worlds
    most aesthetically minded rules. Although Turkish and Persian in
    background, the Mughals were not Muslim rulers of India but Indian
    rulers who happened to be Muslims. This idea is most evident in
    Akbars obsession of a utopian India for Hindus and Muslims.
    The longevity of the Mughal empire can be contributed to a number of
    factors. The Mughal emperors were ambitious and for the most part
    able rulers. But Akbar is perhaps the Mughal emperor responsible for
    much of the prosperity and harmony achieved during the Mughal
    Empire.

    Akbar the Great, as he is referred,


    perceived that 3 things were needed if
    his Empire was to be stable and longlasting.
    1. Fair rent must be fixed for the
    peasant and a steady revenue for the
    treasury,
    2. The land must be ruled by men
    who were impartial and responsible
    to himself,
    3. The Muslim must live at peace
    with the Hindu.

    Akbar strove during his lifetime to


    achieve these 3 things. He showed
    tolerance to Hindu scholars and
    women.
    By 1650, the Mughal empire had
    expanded farther North and South.

    Mughal Art
    The Mughal Empire and the Great Mughals will always
    be remembered as a great influence on the artistic and
    cultural life of India. Their architectural style can still
    be seen today such as the Taj Mahal built by Shah
    Jehan and the buildings at Fatehpur Sikri.
    The remarkable flowering of art and architecture under
    the Mughal Empire is due to several factors.
    The empire provided a secure framework within which
    artistic genius could flourish. Both Hindu and Muslim
    artists collaborated to produce some of the best Indian art.
    The empire commanded wealth and resources that were
    unparalleled in Indian history.
    The Mughal emperors were themselves patrons of art
    whose intellectual ideas and cultural outlook were
    expressed in the architecture.

    Summary: The Dynasty of the Great Mughals in India


    1526-1530

    Baburs victory at Panipat in 1526 established the


    Mughal Empire and ended the reign of the Delhi
    Sultanate. The rise of the great Mughal Dynasty in
    India began with Babur.

    1530-1556

    Humayun succeeded his father Babur and became


    emperor. He was defeated and dislodged by
    insurrections of nobles from the old Lodi regime. In
    1540, the Mughal domain came under control of
    Farid Khan Sur (Shir Shah Sur). Humayun died at
    the age of 48 when he fell down the steps of his
    library.

    1556-1605

    Akbar, the most sophisticated Mughal commander


    and leader, was only 14 years of age when he
    succeeded his father Humayun. Under Akbar's
    reign, Muslims and Hindus received the same
    respect.

    Summary: The Dynasty of the Great Mughals in India


    1605-1628
    1628-1658
    1659-1707

    1857

    Jehangir succeeded his father, Akbar.


    Prince Khurram was 35 years old when he ascended the
    throne as Shah Jehan, King of the World.
    In the summer of 1659, Aurangzeb held a coronation in
    the Red Fort where he assumed the title of Alamgir
    (World Conqueror). After a bitter struggle with his
    two brothers, Aurangzeb was the victor who took the
    throne.
    Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, was deposed
    in 1858. India was brought under the direct rule of the
    British Crown. This brought the end of the Mughal
    Empire.

    Works Cited

    *http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/cas/faculty/Pages/mughal1.html.
    http://k12bilkent.edu.tr/edweb.gsn.org/india.htm.
    *http://www.islamicart.com/pages/empires/india/preface.htm.
    *http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Mugarch.htm.
    The Mughal Empire, 1526-1707. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of
    India. Ed. Fancis Robinson. New York: Cambridge UP, 1989.
    Moreland, W.H. and Atul Chandra Chatterjee. A Short History of
    India. 4th ed. New York: David McKay Co., 1957
    Wallbank, T. Walter. India: a survey of the heritage and growth of
    Indian nationalism. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1948.
    Welch, Stuart C. The Art of Mughal India. Japan: Book Craft Inc., 1963.
    Wolpert, Stanley. India. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1965.
    Wolpert, Stanley. India. Berkley: University of California Press, 1991.
    Woodruff, Philip. The Men Who Ruled India. New York: Schocken Books,
    1953.
    *denotes sources from which pictures were obtained with descriptions

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