IPv6 Routing

IPv6 Routing
Milo Liu
SW2
R&D
ZyXEL Communications, Inc
Outline
Routing background
IPv6 routing table
Static routing
Dynamic routing and IPv6 routing
protocols
End-to-end IPv6 packet delivery process
Static IPv6 routing support in Windows
Q&A
Routing Background
If in whole internet use one Ethernet to
connect each one.
If each one connect others using direct
connection.
The world is big, and we need much
more.
Routing Background
Routing Background
Subnet network
Network Layer
Subnet base on IP
Data-link Layer
Subnet base on MAC

or Port, Such VLAN
Physical Layer
IPv6 Addressing Review

Host B
Router 2
Subnet 2
internet
Router 1
Global: 3000:4D:C00:: 20D:60FF:FECB:6255
Subnet 1
Site: FEC0::1: 20D:60FF:FECB:6255

Link: FE80::20D:60FF:FECB:6255
Host
Multicast: FF01::1
FF02::1
A
FF02::1:FFCB:6255
IPv6 routing table
A routing table is present on all nodes

Stores
information about IPv6 network

prefixes and how they can be reached
IPv6 checks destination cache first
If destination is not in the destination cache,

the routing table is used to determine:
1. The interface to be used for the forwarding
(the next-hop interface)
2. The next-hop address
IPv6 routing table
IPv6 Routing Table Entry Types
Directly attached network routes

64-bit prefix length
Remote network routes
64-bit or lower prefix length
Host routes
128-bit prefix length
Default route
Prefix of ::/0
Sample Windows IPv6 Routing Table

Publish
------yes
no
no
no
Type
-------Manual
Autoconf
Autoconf
Autoconf
Met
---1001
8
8
256
Prefix
-----------------------2002::/16
fec0:0:0:f282::/64
3ffe:2900:d005:f282::/64
::/0
Idx
--3
4
4
4
Gateway/Interface Name
--------------------6to4 Tunneling Pseudo-Interface
Intranet
Intranet
fe80::210:ffff:fed6:58c0
2002::/16
6to4 route
fec0:0:0:f282::/64
Site-local subnet prefix, directly attached
3ffe:2900:d005:f282::/64
Global subnet prefix, directly attached
::/0
Default route
Static Routing
Static routing
Routing table entries are manually configured and do
not change with changing network topology
Dynamic routing
Dynamic routing
Routing table entries are automatic configured and
change with changing network topology
Routers use a routing protocol for ongoing
communication
IPv6 routing protocols Technologies

Distance
vector
Routing information is network IDs and their
distances (hop counts)
Link state
Routing information is link state advertisements
(LSAs), consisting of a routers attached network
prefixes and their assigned costs
Path vector
Routing information is sequences of autonomous
system numbers indicating the path for a route
IPv6 Routing Protocols

RIPng
for IPv6
Distance vector
OSPF for IPv6
Link state
Integrated Intermediate System-to-Intermediate
System (IS-IS) for IPv6
Link state
BGP-4
Path vector
Inter-Domain Routing Protocol version 2 (IDRPv2)
Path vector
End-to-end IPv6 packet delivery process

1. Sending host process
2. Router forwarding process
3. Receiving host process
Sending Host Process

Set value of Hop Limit field.
Check destination cache for an entry

matching the destination address.
Check neighbor cache for an entry

matching the next-hop address.
Matching
entry found
in destination
cache?
Yes
Obtain next-hop address from

destination cache entry.
Is next-hop
address entry in
neighbor cache?
No
Check routing table for longest
matching route to the destination.
Yes
Send packet using link-layer address

of neighbor cache entry.
Update destination cache.

No
Use address resolution process to

determine the link-layer address
of the next-hop address.
Is there a longest
matching route?
No
Yes
Set the next-hop address to

the destination address.
Was
address resolution
successful?

the next-hop address of the route.
No
Indicate an error.
Yes
Update neighbor cache.
Router Forwarding Process-Part 1

Check destination cache for an entry
matching the destination address.
Check the destination address.
Is destination
address assigned
to the router?
Yes
Process packet as the

destination.
Yes
Obtain next-hop address from

destination cache entry.
No
No
Check routing table for longest

matching route to the destination.
Decrement Hop Limit value by 1.
Is Hop Limit > 0?
Matching
entry found
in destination
cache?
Yes
No
Send ICMPv6 Time Exceeded-Hop

Limit Exceeded in Transit message
and discard packet.
Update Hop Limit field in

IPv6 header.
Is there a longest
matching route?
No
Send ICMPv6 Destination

Unreachable-No Route to
Destination message and discard
packet.
Yes
the next-hop address of the route.
Update destination cache.
Router Forwarding Process-Part 2

A
Send ICMPv6 Packet Too Big

message and discard packet.
Yes
Is the
link MTU of the
next-hop interface less
than the size of
the packet?
No
Is next-hop
address entry in
neighbor cache?
Yes
Send packet using link-layer address

of neighbor cache entry.
No
Use address resolution to

determine the link-layer address
of the next-hop address.
Was
address resolution
successful?
Yes
No

Unreachable-Address Unreachable
message and discard packet.
Update neighbor cache.
Receiving Host Process

Receive the packet.
Is destination
address assigned to
a local interface?
Yes
No
Process extension headers (if

present).
Does the
protocol
for the Next Header
field value
exist?
No
Send ICMPv6 Parameter ProblemUnrecognized Next Header Type

Encountered message and discard
the packet.
Yes
Silently discard the packet.

Is the upper
layer PDU a UDP
message?
Yes
No
Pass upper layer PDU to
upper layer protocol.
No

Unreachable-Port Unreachable
message and discard the packet.
Yes
No
Is the upper
layer PDU a TCP
segment?
Is there an
application listening
on the destination
UDP port?
Yes
Is there an
application listening
on the destination
TCP port?
No
Send TCP Connection
Reset segment.
Yes
Process contents.
Static IPv6 Routing Support in

Windows
Host B
Subnet 2
FEC0:0:0:2::/64
Router 2
Router 1
Subnet 1
FEC0:0:0:1::/64
Host A
Subnet 3
FEC0:0:0:3::/64
Host C

Windows
Router 1 sends Router Advertisement messages
on Subnet 1 that contain a Prefix Information
option to autoconfigure addresses for Subnet 1
(FEC0:0:0:1::/64), an MTU option for the link MTU
of Subnet 1, and a Route Information option for
the subnet prefix of Subnet 2 (FEC0:0:0:2::/64). By
default, the MTU of the link is advertised.
the subnet prefix of Subnet 1 (FEC0:0:0:1::/64).

Windows

Windows
Host B
Subnet 2
FEC0:0:0:2::/64
Router 2
Router 1
Subnet 1
FEC0:0:0:1::/64
Host A
Subnet 3
FEC0:0:0:3::/64
Host C

Windows
Configure Router 1 to publish a route to Subnet

3 with the next-hop address of Router 2's linklocal address on Subnet 2 and configure Router
2 to publish a route to Subnet 1 with the nexthop address of Router 1's link-local address on
Subnet 2.
Configure Router 1 to publish a default route
with the next-hop address of Router 2's linklocal address on Subnet 2 and configure Router
2 to publish a default route with the next-hop
address of Router 1's link-local address on
Subnet 2.
Training course arrangement

Date
Subject
03/10
Introduction to IPv6
03/16
IPv6 Addressing
03/23
03/23
IPv6 Header & Extensions

ICMPv6
Lecturer
Joe Zhao
Milo Liu
Joe Zhao
Feng Zhou
03/30
Neighbor Discovery Protocol
Billy Bian
03/30
Multicast Listener Discovery
Jeffrey Zhou
04/06
Address Autoconfigurator
04/06
IPv6 Routing
Feng Zhou
Milo Liu
Training course arrangement

Date
04/13
04/20
Subject
Lecturer
IPv6 Migration Mechanisms
Joe Zhou
IPv6 Mobility
Setting Up an IPv6 Test Lab
Milo Liu
Q&A

IPv6 Routing

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IPv6 Routing

Subnet base on MAC

IPv6 Addressing Review

Site: FEC0::1: 20D:60FF:FECB:6255

IPv6 routing table

A routing table is present on all nodes

information about IPv6 network

IPv6 checks destination cache first

If destination is not in the destination cache,

IPv6 routing table

IPv6 Routing Table Entry Types

Directly attached network routes

Sample Windows IPv6 Routing Table

IPv6 routing protocols Technologies

IPv6 Routing Protocols

End-to-end IPv6 packet delivery process

Sending Host Process

Check destination cache for an entry

Check neighbor cache for an entry

Obtain next-hop address from

Send packet using link-layer address

Update destination cache.

Use address resolution process to

Set the next-hop address to

Set the next-hop address to

Update neighbor cache.

Router Forwarding Process-Part 1

Check the destination address.

Process packet as the

Obtain next-hop address from

Check routing table for longest

Decrement Hop Limit value by 1.

Is Hop Limit > 0?

Send ICMPv6 Time Exceeded-Hop

Update Hop Limit field in

Send ICMPv6 Destination

Update destination cache.

Router Forwarding Process-Part 2

Send ICMPv6 Packet Too Big

Send packet using link-layer address

Use address resolution to

Send ICMPv6 Destination

Update neighbor cache.

Receiving Host Process

Process extension headers (if

Send ICMPv6 Parameter ProblemUnrecognized Next Header Type

Silently discard the packet.

Send ICMPv6 Destination

Static IPv6 Routing Support in

Static IPv6 Routing Support in

Static IPv6 Routing Support in

Static IPv6 Routing Support in

Static IPv6 Routing Support in

Configure Router 1 to publish a route to Subnet

Training course arrangement

IPv6 Header & Extensions

Neighbor Discovery Protocol

Multicast Listener Discovery

Training course arrangement