Chemistry Particulate Nature of Matter

Topic 1
The particulate nature of

matter
1.1- The states of matter

Matter
substance that has mass and occupies space.
Matter
can exist as a solid, a liquid or a gas.
These
three forms of matter are called the states of

matter.
Property
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Shape
fixed
not fixed
not fixed
Volume
fixed
fixed
not fixed
cant be
compressed
cant be
compressed
can be
compressed
Compressibility
1.2- Kinetic particle theory

The
kinetic particle theory states that:

all matter is made up of tiny particles and that
these particles are in constant random motion
The
kinetic particle theory is used to:

describe the states of matter
explains the differences in the properties of
solid, liquids, gases
explains the changes in state of matter.
Characteris
tic
Solid
Arrangement orderly
closely packed
of particles
Liquid
disorderly
less closely
packed
Gas
disorderly
very far apart
Attractive
forces
between
particles
very strong
strong
very weak
Kinetic
energy of
particles
very low
low
high
Motion of
particles
vibrate and
rotate about
fixed position
move freely
throughout the
liquid
move rapidly
in any
direction
1.3- Changes of state

Matter
When
can change from one state to another.
matter is heated or cooled, the heat energy taken

in or given out causes the kinetic energy of the particles
to change. As a result, there is a change in state.
Melting -1 Changes
of state from a solid to a liquid.
The
temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid is

called its melting point.
Different
Substance
Melting
point/0C
substances have different melting points.

oxygen
ethanol
ice
iron
-219
-114
1535
Melting -2What happens to the particles of a solid that is heated until it melts?
1. Heat energy is absorbed by particles of a solid.

2. Heat energy is converted into kinetic energy.
3. The particles vibrates, until the vibrations of the particles
overcome the forces of attraction between them.
4. The particles begin to break away from their fixed
positions.
5. Finally, all of the particles arent in their fixed positions.
6. The substance is now a liquid.
Melting -3-
The temperature of solid

increases until it reaches its
melting point.
B solid starts to melt.
Temperature/0C
A-B
B-C
During
melting
process,
temperature of substance
remains
constant
even
though heating continues.
A mixture of solid and liquid
exists here.
C-D
A
Time/min
All solids has melted and

temperature of liquid rises
as heating continues.
Freezing -1 Changes
of state from a liquid to a solid.
The
temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid is

called its freezing point.
pure substance melts and freezes at the same

temperature.
Freezing -2What happens to the particles of a liquid that is cooled until it freezes?
1. Heat energy is given out by particles of a liquid.

2. The particles lose kinetic energy and begin to move
more slowly.
3. The particles are no longer have enough energy to
move freely.
4. The particles start to settle into fixed positions.
5. Finally, all of the particles settled into fixed positions.
6. The substance is now a solid.
Freezing -3-
P-Q
The temperature of liquid

decreases until it reaches its
freezing point.
Q liquid starts to freeze.
Temperature/0C
Q-R
Q
During
the
process,
temperature of substance
remains
constant
even
though cooling continues.
A mixture of solid and liquid
exists here.
R-S
Time/min
All liquids has frozen and

temperature of solid drops
as cooling continues.
Boiling
Changes
of state from a liquid to a gas.
The
temperature at which a liquid boils is called its boiling

point.
Different
substances have different boiling points.
Temperature/0C
W-X
Liquid
heats up
X-Y Liquid Boils
Y-Z Gas heats
up
W
Time/min
Evaporation -1 Changes
of state from a liquid to a gas at temperatures

lower than its boiling point.
Evaporation
occurs because some particles have

enough energy to escape as a gas from the surface
of the liquid.
Liquids
that evaporate quickly at room temperature are

called volatile liquids.
They
usually have
temperature.
Examples:
boiling
perfume and petrol
points
just
above
room
Evaporation -2Boiling
occurs only at boiling
point
occurs throughout the
liquid
Evaporation
occurs at room
temperatures below
boiling point
occurs only at the
surface of the liquid
occurs rapidly
occurs slowly
Sublimation
Condensation
Changes
of state from
a gas to a liquid.
Changes
of state from a
solid to a gas.
Occurs
because
particles at the surface
of the solid have
enough energy to break
away from the solid and
escape as a gas.
Ex:
iodine, dry ice
How to determine the state of a substance?
m.p
.
SOLID
b.p.
LIQUID
GAS
The
table below gives information about six substances,

A, B, C, D, E and F.
Substa
nce
M.P./0C
-188
-114
17
36
300
808
B.P./0C
-42
37
118
344
580
1465
A.
Classify the substance A to F as solids, liquids or gases
at room temperature (0C).
B.
Which substance will change from a liquid to a solid
when placed in a refrigerator (4 0C)?
C.
(i) Which substance will change to a liquid only at 37 0C?
(ii) Which substance will undergo change in state only at 37
0C?
D.
Which substance is a volatile liquid?
The Answers
A.
Solid D, E and F
Liquid B and C
Gas
A
B. C
C. (i) D
(ii) B
D. B
1.4-Diffusion
Diffusion
Diffusion
is the movement of particles from a region of

higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Diffussion
does not occur in solids.
Diffusion
in liquids is much slower than in gases (because

the particles move slower in the liquid phase than in the
gas phase).
The
rate of diffusion is affected by relative molecular

mass and temperature.
Ar /Mr
Rate of diffusion
Temperature
Rate of diffusion

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Topic 1

The particulate nature of

1.1- The states of matter

substance that has mass and occupies space.

can exist as a solid, a liquid or a gas.

three forms of matter are called the states of

1.2- Kinetic particle theory

kinetic particle theory states that:

kinetic particle theory is used to:

1.3- Changes of state

can change from one state to another.

matter is heated or cooled, the heat energy taken

of state from a solid to a liquid.

temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid is

substances have different melting points.

1. Heat energy is absorbed by particles of a solid.

The temperature of solid

All solids has melted and

of state from a liquid to a solid.

temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid is

pure substance melts and freezes at the same

1. Heat energy is given out by particles of a liquid.

The temperature of liquid

All liquids has frozen and

of state from a liquid to a gas.

temperature at which a liquid boils is called its boiling

substances have different boiling points.

of state from a liquid to a gas at temperatures

occurs because some particles have

that evaporate quickly at room temperature are

perfume and petrol

iodine, dry ice

How to determine the state of a substance?

table below gives information about six substances,

Which substance is a volatile liquid?

is the movement of particles from a region of

does not occur in solids.

in liquids is much slower than in gases (because

rate of diffusion is affected by relative molecular

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