CS 200 Introduction to Programming

SESSION 15
STRUCTURES AND CLASSES
Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

What Is a Class?

A class is a data type whose variables are objects

Some pre-defined classes you have used are
int
char
ifstream
You can define your own classes as well

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Slide 10- 2

Class Definitions

A class definition includes

A description of the kinds of values the variable

can hold
A description of the member functions

We will start by defining structures as a first

step toward defining classes
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Slide 10- 3

Structures

A structure can be viewed as an object

Contains no member functions
(The structures used here have no member functions)

Contains multiple values of possibly different types

The multiple values are logically related as a single item

Example: A bank Certificate of Deposit (CD)
has the following values:
a balance
an interest rate
a term (months to maturity)

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Slide 10- 4

The CD Definition

The Certificate of Deposit structure can be

defined as
struct CDAccount
{
double balance;
double interest_rate;
int term; //months to maturity
};
Remember this
Keyword struct begins a structure definition
CDAccount is the structure tag or the structures type
Member names are identifiers declared in the braces

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

semicolon!

Slide 10- 5

Using the Structure

Structure definition is generally placed outside

any function definition
This makes the structure type available to all code
that follows the structure definition
To declare two variables of type CDAccount:

CDAccount my_account, your_account;

My_account and your_account contain distinct
member variables balance, interest_rate, and term

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The Structure Value

The Structure Value

Consists of the values of the member variables

The value of an object of type CDAccount

Consists of the values of the member variables
balance
interest_rate
term

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Slide 10- 7

Specifying Member Variables

Member variables are specific to the

structure variable in which they are declared

Syntax to specify a member variable:

Structure_Variable_Name . Member_Variable_Name

Given the declaration:

CDAccount my_account, your_account;

Use the dot operator to specify a member variable

my_account.balance
my_account.interest_rate
my_account.term

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Using Member Variables

Member variables can be used just as any other

variable of the same type
Display 10.1 (1)
my_account.balance = 1000;
Display 10.1 (2)
your_account.balance = 2500;

Notice that my_account.balance and your_account.balance

are different variables!

my_account.balance = my_account.balance + interest;

Display 10.2

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Display 10.1 (1/2)

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Display 10.1
(2/2)

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Display 10.2

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Duplicate Names

Member variable names duplicated between

structure types are not a problem.

struct FertilizerStock
{
double quantity;
double nitrogen_content;
};

struct CropYield
{
int quantity;
double size;
};

FertilizerStock super_grow;
CropYield apples;
super_grow.quantity and apples.quantity are
different variables stored in different locations

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Structures as Arguments

Structures can be arguments in function calls

The formal parameter can be call-by-value
The formal parameter can be call-by-reference
Example:
void get_data(CDAccount& the_account);
Uses the structure type CDAccount we saw
earlier as the type for a call-by-reference
parameter

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Structures as Return Types

Structures can be the type of a value returned by

a function
Example:
CDAccount shrink_wrap(double the_balance,
double the_rate,
int the_term)
{
CDAccount temp;
temp.balance = the_balance;
temp.interest_rate = the_rate;
temp.term = the_term;
return temp;
}
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Using Function shrink_wrap

shrink_wrap builds a complete structure value

in temp, which is returned by the function
We can use shrink_wrap to give a variable of
type CDAccount a value in this way:
CDAccount new_account;
new_account = shrink_wrap(1000.00, 5.1, 11);

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Assignment and Structures

The assignment operator can be used to assign

values to structure types
Using the CDAccount structure again:
CDAccount my_account, your_account;
my_account.balance = 1000.00;
my_account.interest_rate = 5.1;
my_account.term = 12;
your_account = my_account;
Assigns all member variables in your_account the
corresponding values in my_account

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Hierarchical Structures

Structures can contain member variables that are

also structures
struct Date
{
int month;
int day;
int year;
};

struct PersonInfo
{
double height;
int weight;
Date birthday;
};

struct PersonInfo contains a Date structure

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Using PersonInfo

A variable of type PersonInfo is declared by

PersonInfo person1;
To display the birth year of person1, first access the
birthday member of person1
cout << person1.birthday

But we want the year, so we now specify the

year member of the birthday member
cout << person1.birthday.year;

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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Initializing Structures

A structure can be initialized when declared

Example:
struct Date
{
int month;
int day;
int year;
};
Can be initialized in this way
Date due_date = {12, 31, 2004};

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Section 10.1 Conclusion

Can you

Write a definition for a structure type for

records consisting of a persons wage rate,
accrued vacation (in whole days), and status
(hourly or salaried). Represent the status as
one of the two character values H and S.
Call the type EmployeeRecord.

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10.2
Classes

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Classes

A class is a data type whose variables are

objects
The definition of a class includes

Description of the kinds of values of the member

variables
Description of the member functions

A class description is somewhat like a structure

definition plus the member variables

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A Class Example

To create a new type named DayOfYear as

a class definition
Decide on the values to represent
This examples values are dates such as July 4
using an integer for the number of the month

Member variable month is an int (Jan = 1, Feb = 2, etc.)

Member variable day is an int

Decide on the member functions needed

We use just one member function named output

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Class DayOfYear Definition

class DayOfYear

{
public:
void output( );
int month;
int day;
};

Member Function Declaration

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Defining a Member Function

Member functions are declared in the class

declaration
Member function definitions identify the class
in which the function is a member

void DayOfYear::output()
{
cout << month = << month
<< , day = << day
<< endl;
}

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Member Function Definition

Member function definition syntax:

Returned_Type
Class_Name::Function_Name(Parameter_List)
{
Function Body Statements
}
Example: void DayOfYear::output( )
{
cout << month = << month
<< , day = << day << endl;
}

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The :: Operator

:: is the scope resolution operator

Tells the class a member function is a member
of

void DayOfYear::output( ) indicates that

function output is a member of the
DayOfYear class

The class name that precedes :: is a type

qualifier

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:: and .

:: used with classes to identify a member

void DayOfYear::output( )
{
// function body
}

.used with variables to identify a member

DayOfYear birthday;
birthday.output( );

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Calling Member Functions

Calling the DayOfYear member function output

is done in this way:
DayOfYear today, birthday;
today.output( );
birthday.output( );
Note that today and birthday have their own
versions of the month and day variables for
use by the output function
Display 10.3 (1)
Display 10.3 (2)
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Display 10.3 (1/2)

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Display 10.3
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Encapsulation

Encapsulation is
Combining a number of items, such as
variables and functions, into a single package
such as an object of a class

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Problems With DayOfYear

Changing how the month is stored in the class

DayOfYear requires changes to the program
If we decide to store the month as three
characters (JAN, FEB, etc.) instead of an int
cin >> today.month will no longer work because
we now have three character variables to read
if(today.month == birthday.month) will no longer
work to compare months
The member function output no longer works

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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Ideal Class Definitions

Changing the implementation of DayOfYear

requires changes to the program that uses
DayOfYear
An ideal class definition of DayOfYear could
be changed without requiring changes to
the program that uses DayOfYear

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Fixing DayOfYear

To fix DayOfYear
We need to add member functions to use when
changing or accessing the member variables

If the program never directly references the member

variables, changing how the variables are stored will not
require changing the program

We need to be sure that the program does not ever

directly reference the member variables

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Public Or Private?

C++ helps us restrict the program from directly

referencing member variables
private members of a class can only be
referenced within the definitions of member
functions

If the program tries to access a private member, the

compiler gives an error message

Private members can be variables or functions

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Private Variables

Private variables cannot be accessed directly

by the program
Changing their values requires the use of public
member functions of the class
To set the private month and day variables in a new
DayOfYear class use a member function such as
void DayOfYear::set(int new_month, int new_day)
{
month = new_month;
day = new_day;
}

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Public or Private Members

The keyword private identifies the members of

a class that can be accessed only by member
functions of the class
Members that follow the keyword private are
private members of the class
The keyword public identifies the members of
a class that can be accessed from outside the
class
Members that follow the keyword public are public
members of the class

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A New DayOfYear

The new DayOfYear class demonstrated in

Display 10.4
Uses all private member variables
Uses member functions to do all manipulation
of the private member variables

Member variables and member

function definitions can be
changed without changes to the
Display 10.4 (1)
program that uses DayOfYear

Display 10.4 (2)

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Display 10.4 (1/2)

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Display 10.4 (2/2)

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Using Private Variables

It is normal to make all member variables private

Private variables require member functions to
perform all changing and retrieving of values
Accessor functions allow you to obtain the
values of member variables

Example: get_day in class DayOfYear

Mutator functions allow you to change the values

of member variables

Example: set in class DayOfYear

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General Class Definitions

The syntax for a class definition is

class Class_Name
{
public:
Member_Specification_1
Member_Specification_2

Member_Specification_3
private:
Member_Specification_n+1
Member_Specification_n+2

};
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Declaring an Object

Once a class is defined, an object of the class is

declared just as variables of any other type
Example: To create two objects of type Bicycle:

class Bicycle
{
// class definition lines
};
Bicycle my_bike, your_bike;

Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

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The Assignment Operator

Objects and structures can be assigned values

with the assignment operator (=)
Example:
DayOfYear due_date, tomorrow;
tomorrow.set(11, 19);
due_date = tomorrow;

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Program Example:
BankAccount Class

This bank account class allows

Withdrawal of money at any time
All operations normally expected of a bank
account (implemented with member functions)
Storing an account balance
Storing the accounts interest rate
Display 10.5 ( 1)
Display 10.5 ( 2)
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Display 10.5 ( 3)
Display 10.5 ( 4)
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Calling Public Members

Recall that if calling a member function from the

main function of a program, you must include
the the object name:
account1.update( );

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Calling Private Members

When a member function calls a private

member function, an object name is not used
fraction (double percent);
is a private member of the BankAccount class
fraction is called by member function update
void BankAccount::update( )
{
balance = balance + fraction(interest_rate)*
balance;
}

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Constructors

A constructor can be used to initialize member

variables when an object is declared
A constructor is a member function that is usually
public
A constructor is automatically called when an object
of the class is declared
A constructors name must be the name of the class
A constructor cannot return a value

No return type, not even void, is used in declaring or

defining a constructor

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Constructor Declaration

A constructor for the BankAccount class could

be declared as:
class BankAccount
{
public:
BankAccount(int dollars, int cents, double rate);
//initializes the balance to $dollars.cents
//initializes the interest rate to rate percent
};

//The rest of the BankAccount definition

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Constructor Definition

The constructor for the BankAccount class

could be defined as
BankAccount::BankAccount(int dollars, int cents, double rate)
{
if ((dollars < 0) || (cents < 0) || ( rate < 0 ))
{
cout << Illegal values for money or rate\n;
exit(1);
}
balance = dollars + 0.01 * cents;
interest_rate = rate;
}

Note that the class name and function name are the same

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Calling A Constructor (1)

A constructor is not called like a normal member

function:
BankAccount account1;
account1.BankAccount(10, 50, 2.0);

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Calling A Constructor (2)

A constructor is called in the object declaration

BankAccount account1(10, 50, 2.0);

Creates a BankAccount object and calls the

constructor to initialize the member variables

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Overloading Constructors

Constructors can be overloaded by defining

constructors with different parameter lists
Other possible constructors for the
BankAccount
class might be
BankAccount (double balance, double
interest_rate);
BankAccount (double balance);
BankAccount (double interest_rate);
BankAccount ( );
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The Default Constructor

A default constructor uses no parameters

A default constructor for the BankAccount class
could be declared in this way
class BankAccount
{
public:
BankAccount( );
// initializes balance to $0.00
// initializes rate to 0.0%
// The rest of the class definition
};

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Default Constructor Definition

The default constructor for the BankAccount

class could be defined as
BankAccount::BankAccount( )
{
balance = 0;
rate = 0.0;
}
It is a good idea to always include a default constructor
even if you do not want to initialize variables

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Calling the Default Constructor

The default constructor is called during

declaration of an object
An argument list is not used
BankAccount account1;
// uses the default BankAccount
constructor
Display 10.6 (1)
BankAccount account1( );
Display 10.6 (2)
// Is not legal
Display 10.6 (3)
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Display 10.6
(1/3)

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Display 10.6 (2/3)

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Display 10.6
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Initialization Sections

An initialization section in a function definition

provides an alternative way to initialize
member variables
BankAccount::BankAccount( ): balance(0),
interest_rate(0.0);
{
// No code needed in this example

}
The values in parenthesis are the initial values for the
member variables listed

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Parameters and Initialization

Member functions with parameters can use

initialization sections
BankAccount::BankAccount(int dollars, int cents, double rate)
: balance (dollars + 0.01 * cents),
interest_rate(rate)
{
if (( dollars < 0) || (cents < 0) || (rate < 0))
{
cout << Illegal values for money or rate\n;
exit(1);
}
}
Notice that the parameters can be arguments in the initialization

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Section 10.2 Conclusion

Can you
Describe the difference between a class and
a structure?

Explain why member variables are usually private?

Describe the purpose of a constructor?

Use an initialization section in a function definition?

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10.3
Abstract Data Types

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Abstract Data Types

A data type consists of a collection of values

together with a set of basic operations
defined on the values
A data type is an Abstract Data Type (ADT)
if programmers using the type do not have
access to the details of how the values and
operations are implemented

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Classes To Produce ADTs

To define a class so it is an ADT

Separate the specification of how the type is used
by a programmer from the details of how the type
is implemented
Make all member variables private members
Basic operations a programmer needs should be
public member functions
Fully specify how to use each public function
Helper functions should be private members

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ADT Interface

The ADT interface tells how to use the ADT in

a program
The interface consists of

The public member functions

The comments that explain how to use the functions

The interface should be all that is needed to

know how to use the ADT in a program

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ADT Implementation

The ADT implementation tells how the

interface is realized in C++
The implementation consists of

The private members of the class

The definitions of public and private member functions

The implementation is needed to run a program

The implementation is not needed to write the
main part of a program or any non-member functions

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ADT Benefits

Changing an ADT implementation does require

changing a program that uses the ADT
ADTs make it easier to divide work among
different programmers
One or more can write the ADT
One or more can write code that uses the ADT
Writing and using ADTs breaks the larger
programming task into smaller tasks

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Program Example
The BankAccount ADT

In this version of the BankAccount ADT

Data is stored as three member variables

The dollars part of the account balance

The cents part of the account balance
The interest rate

This version stores the interest rate as a fraction

The public portion of the class definition remains
unchanged from the version of Display 10.6

Display 10.7 (1)

Display 10.7 (2)

Display 10.7 (3)

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Display 10.7 (1/3)

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Display 10.7 (2/3)

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Display 10.7 (3/3)

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Interface Preservation

To preserve the interface of an ADT so that

programs using it do not need to be changed
Public member declarations cannot be
changed
Public member definitions can be changed
Private member functions can be added,
deleted, or changed

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Information Hiding

Information hiding was refered to earlier as

writing functions so they can be used like
black boxes
ADTs implement information hiding because
The interface is all that is needed to use the ADT
Implementation details of the ADT are not needed
to know how to use the ADT
Implementation details of the data values are not
needed to know how to use the ADT

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Section 10.3 Conclusion

Can you
Describe an ADT?

Describe how to implement an ADT in C++?

Define the interface of an ADT?

Define the implementation of an ADT?

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Chapter 10 -- End

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Display 10.1 (1/2)

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Display 10.1
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Display 10.2

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Display 10.3 (1/2)

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Display 10.3
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Display 10.4 (1/2)

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Display 10.4 (2/2)

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Display 10.5 (1/4)

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Display 10.5 (2/4)

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Display 10.5
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Display 10.5
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Display 10.6
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Display 10.6
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Display 10.7 (1/3)

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Display 10.7 (2/3)

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Display 10.7 (3/3)

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