Computer

Networking
Local Area Network(LAN)

Contents
Introduction to Network
Types of Computer Network
Physical Types of Networks

Server Roles
Network Topologies
Network Hardware
Network Devices
Bandwidth
CSMA/CD

OSI Model
OSI Layers

Packet Creation and Transmission

Types of Data Transmission
Internet Protocols
IP Address
Intranet and Extranet
Proxy Servers
Any Question

Introductio
n to
Network

A computer network, or simply

a network, is a collection of
computers and other hardware
components interconnected by
communication
channels
that
allow sharing of resources and
information.
A network provides two principle
benefits:
the
ability
to
communicate and the ability to
share.
A network can consist of two
computers connected together on
a desk or it can consist of many
Local Area Networks (LANs)

Types of
Computer
Network

computers
under
one
administrative control group.
WAN: A networks that connects
LANs in Geographically separated
locations.
WLAN: Group of wireless devices
that connect to access points
within a specified area.
MAN: metropolitan area network
falls in middle of LAN and WAN, It
covers large span of physical area
than LAN but smaller than WAN,
such as a city.
SAN:
Storage
area
network
connects servers to data storage
devices .

Physical
Types of
Network

Physicaltopology refers to the

placement of the network's
various components, including
device
location
and
cable
installation,
whilelogicaltopologyshows how
data flows within a network,
regardless of its physical design

 Peer-to-peer networks:
P
h y swhich
i c a lareTy
p e s odirectly
f N etot each
w o rother
k without
Devices
connected
any additional networking devices between them. Each
device has equivalent capabilities and responsibilities.

Client Server network:

In a client/server model, the client requests information or
services from the server. The server provides the requested
information or service to the client.

Server
Roles

In most common use, aserveris

a physical computer (acomputer
hardwaresystem) dedicated to
run one or more services (as
ahost),to serve the needs of the
users of other computers on the
network.
Depending on the computing
service that it offers it could be
adatabase
server,file
server,mail
server,print
server,web
server,gaming
server, or some other kind of
server.

Ro l e s o f S e r v e r
Database Server

Mail Server

Fax Server

Database

Directory Services
Server

File and Print Server

Client Computer

Network
Topologies

Network
topologyis
the
arrangement of the various
elements (links,nodes, etc.) of
acomputerorbiological
network.Essentially, it is the
topologicalstructure
of
a
network, and may be depicted
physically or logically.

 BUS
N
e tNetworks:
w o r k To p o l o g y
STAR Network:

Hub
Segment
Terminator

Terminator

 RING
N
etw
o r k To p o l o g y
Networks:
MESH Network:

Network
Hardware

Physicaltopology refers to the

placement of the network's
various components, including
device
location
and
cable
installation,
whilelogicaltopologyshows how
data flows within a network,
regardless of its physical design.

 UTP
N
etw
ork Hardware
Cable:
Coaxial Cable
Outer shield
Insulation (PVC, Teflon)

Copper wire mesh or

aluminium sleeve

Conducting core

Network Hardware
Connector & Jack for UTP Cable

Network
Devices

Computer networking devices are units

that mediate data in a computer
network. Computer networking devices
are also called network equipment,
Intermediate Systems (IS) or Inter
Working Unit (IWU).

LAN Equipment
o
o
o
o
o

Network Cards
Repeaters
Hub
Switch
Bridges

WAN Equipment
o

Routers

LAN Equipment
Network Card
A network interface controller (also known as a network
interface card, network adapter, LAN adapter and by similar
terms) is a computer hardware component that connects a
computer to a computer network.

LAN Equipment
Repeater
A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and
retransmits it at a higher level or higher power, or onto the
other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover
longer distances.

LAN Equipment
Hub
An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub,
multiport repeater or hub is a device for connecting multiple
Ethernet devices together and making them act as a single
network segment.
A hub works at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model.

LAN Equipment
Switch
A switch is a telecommunication device which receives a
message from any device connected to it and then transmits
the message only to the device for which the message was
meant. This makes the switch a more intelligent device than
a hub (which receives a message and then transmits it to all
the other devices on its network).

LAN Equipment
Bridge
Network bridging describes the action taken by network
equipment to allow two or more communication networks, or
two or more network segments creating an aggregate
network. Bridging is distinct from routing which allows the
networks to communicate independently as separate
networks

WA N E q u i p m e n t
Router
A router is a device that forwards data packets between
computer networks, creating an overlay internetwork. A router is
connected to two or more data lines from different networks.
When a data packet comes in one of the lines, the router reads
the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate
destination. Then, using information in its routing table or
routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its
journey.

Bandwidth

Bandwidth is the amount of

data that can be transmitted
within a fixed time period.
Bandwidth is measured in bits
per second and is usually
denoted by the following:
bps - bits per second
Kbps - kilobits per second
Mbps - megabits per second

CSMA/CD

Short for Carrier Sense Multiple

Access / Collision Detection, a set
of rules determining how network
devices
respond
when
two
devices attempt to use a data
channel simultaneously (called a
collision).
Standard
Ethernet
networks
use
CSMA/CD
to
physically monitor the traffic on
the line at participating stations.
If no transmission is taking place
at the time, the particular station
can transmit. If two stations
attempt
to
transmit

CSMA/CD

Transmits signal

Detects signal

Characteristics
Characteristics

Collision detected

Description
Description

Access
AccessMethod
Method

CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD

Transfer
TransferSpeed
Speed

Standard
StandardEthernet
Ethernet10
10Mbps
Mbps
Fast
FastEthernet
Ethernet100
100Mbps
Mbps
Gigabit
GigabitEthernet
Ethernet11Gbps
Gbps(1000
(1000Mbps)
Mbps)

OSI Layer

Short for Carrier Sense Multiple

Access / Collision Detection, a set
of rules determining how network
devices
respond
when
two
devices attempt to use a data
channel simultaneously (called a
collision).
Standard
Ethernet
networks
use
CSMA/CD
to
physically monitor the traffic on
the line at participating stations.
If no transmission is taking place
at the time, the particular station
can transmit. If two stations
attempt
to
transmit

The
Open
Systems
Interconnection
(OSI)
model
(ISO/IEC 7498-1) is a product of
the
Open
Systems
Interconnection effort at the
International
Organization
for
Standardization.
It
is
a
prescription of characterizing and
standardizing the functions of a
communications system in terms
of abstraction layers.
Communication
functions
are
grouped into logical layers.
A layer serves the layer above it
and is served by the layer below
it.

OSI Model

OSI Layers
Application
ApplicationLayer
Layer
Presentation
PresentationLayer
Layer
Session
SessionLayer
Layer
Transport
TransportLayer
Layer
Network
NetworkLayer
Layer
Data
DataLink
LinkLayer
Layer
Physical
PhysicalLayer
Layer

OSI Layers
Application
Application Layer
Layer

Responsibilities:
- Provides virtual end-to-end links between
peer
processes.
- End-to-end flow control
Issues:
- Headers
- Error detection
- Reliable communication

OSI Layers
Presentation
PresentationLayer
Layer

Responsibilities:
- Data encryption
- Data compression
- Data conversion
Many protocol suites do not include a
Presentation Layer.

OSI Layers
Session
SessionLayer
Layer

Responsibilities:
- Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions
between applications.
Many protocol suites do not include a Session Layer.

OSI Layers
Transport
TransportLayer
Layer

Responsibilities:
- Provides virtual end-to-end links between peer
processes.
- End-to-end flow control
Issues:
- Headers
- Error Detection
- Reliable Commination

OSI Layers
Network
NetworkLayer
Layer

Responsibilities:
- Path selection between end-systems (routing).
subnet flow control.
- Fragmentation & reassembly
- Translation between different network types. Endto-end flow control
Issues:
- Packet Headers
- Virtual Circuits

OSI Layers
Data
DataLink
LinkLayer
Layer

Responsibilities:
- Provide an error-free communication link.
Issues:
- Framing(Dividing data into chunks)
- Addressing

OSI Layers
Physical
PhysicalLayer
Layer

Responsibilities:
- Transmission of raw bits over a communication
channel.
Issues:
- Mechanical and electrical interfaces
- Time per bit
- Distances

Pa c k e t C r e a t i o n & Tr a n s m i s s i o n

Ty p e s o f D a t a Tr a n s m i s s i o n

Unicast

Broadca
st

Multicast

Internet
Protocol

Network Protocols are the formal

description of a set of rules and
conventions that govern how
devices on the network layer
(layer 3 of the OSI model)
exchange information.
Protocols provide the link by
which systems connected to a
network may talk to each other
For two end systems to talk to
each other, they must effectively
speak the same language traffic

IP Address

An Internet Protocol address (IP

address) is a numerical label
assigned to each device (e.g.,
computer, printer) participating in
a computer network that uses the
Internet
Protocol
for
communication. An IP address
serves two principal functions:
host
or
network
interface
identification
and
location
addressing.

IP Address
S.No
.

Class

Range

Allocatio
n

1
2
3
4

A
B
C
D

1 126
128 191
192 223
224 239

N.H.H.H
N.N.H.H
N.N.N.H

240 255

N = Network
H = Host

Not
applicable
Not
applicable

Intranet

An intranet is a set of Internet

services (for example a web
server) inside a local network, i.e.
only accessible from workstations
of a local network, or rather a set
of well-defined networks that are
invisible (or inaccessible) from the
outside.
It involves the use of Internet
client-server standards (using
TCP/IP) protocols such as, for
example, the use of Web browsers
(HTTP protocol-based client) and
Web servers (HTTP protocol), to
create an information system
inside of an organization or

Extranet

An extranet is an extension of
the information system of the
company to its partners
located
outside
of
the
network.
Access to the extranet must
be secured to the extent that
the same provides access to
the information system for
persons located outside of the
enterprise.

Intranet & Extranet

Intranet

Internet

Extranet

Prox y Se rve r
Authorized
Web Site

LAN

Internet

LAN
Proxy Server

LAN

Restricted
Web Site

Any Question

Thank you

Made by

Mayank Panchal
E-mail- mayankhdlabs@gmail.com

www.mayankpanchal.webs.com

2012