Chapter 4-Phase Diagram

Chapter 8
Phase Diagram
Graphical representations of what phases are present in a material
system at various temperatures, pressures and composition.
Objectives
1.
2.
3.
Describe cooling curves and phase diagrams

and the type of information that may be
extracted from them.
Describe a binary isomorphous and binary
eutectic phase diagram and be able to draw
a generic diagram showing all phase regions
and relevant information.
Be able to apply tie line and lever rule to
phase diagrams in order to determine the
phase composition and phase fraction in a
mixture.
Cooling curve
Used to determine phase transition

temperature for both pure metals and alloys.
Obtained by recording the temperature of a
materials vs time as it cools from a molten
temperature until room temperature.
Cooling Curves
A degree of undercooling is required for the

formation of solid nuclei.
During region BC
Region BC also called plateau/ region of
thermal arrest
Metal is in the from of solid + liquid phase
Temperature remain constant because there is
balance between heat lost by the metal
through the mold and the latent heat supply
by the solidifying metal
Cooling Curve for Pure Iron
(1) Binary Isomorphous Alloy Systems
A mixture of 2 metals is called binary alloy

In some binary metallic systems, the two
elements are completely soluble in each other
in both the liquid and solid states.
In these systems, only a single type of crystal
structure exists for all compositions of the
components. Therefore they are called
Isomorphous system
Example: Copper Nickel System.
Gibbs Phase Rule
P+F = C+2
P = number of phases that coexist in a system

C = Number of components
F = Degrees of freedom
For pure water, at triple point, 3 phases

coexist.
There is one component (water) in the system.
Therefore 3 + F = 1 + 2
F = 0.
Degrees of freedom indicate number of
variables (pressure, temperature and
composition) that can be changed without
changing number of phases.
Copper-Nickel Phase Diagran
The Lever Rule
The weight percentages of the phases in any

two-phase region of a binary equilibrium
phase diagram can be calculated by using the
lever rule.
Example Problem 8.2

A copper-nickel alloy contains 47 wt% Cu
and 53 wt% Ni and is at 1300 C. Using the
Cu-Ni phase diagram, answer the following:
a.
b.
What is the weight percent of copper in the

liquid and solid phases at this temperature?
What weight percent of this alloy is liquid and
what weight percent is solid?
(2) Binary Eutectic Alloy Systems

Many binary alloy systems have components
that have limited solid solubility in each other.
Terms related to Eutectic:
Eutectic reaction: a phase transformation in which all the liquid

phase transforms on cooling into two solid phases isothermally.
Eutectic temperature: the temperature at which eutectic
reaction takes place.
Eutectic composition: the composition of the liquid phase that
reacts to form two new solid phases at the eutectic
temperature.
Eutectic point: the point determined by the eutectic
composition and temperature.
Example, in lead (Pb) tin (Sn) system.
Example Problem 8.4

Make phase analyses of the equilibrium
(ideal) solidification of lead-tin alloys at the
following points in the lead-tin phase
diagram.
a.
b.
c.
d.
At the eutectic composition just below 183C

(eutectic temperature).
The point c at 40% Sn and 230C.
The point d at 40% Sn and 183C + T.
The point e at 40% Sn and 183C T.
Phase
present:
Compositions of
phases:
Amounts of
phases:
Example Problem 8.5
One kilogram of an alloy of 70 percent Pb and

30 percent Sn is slowly cooled from 300C.
Calculate the following:
a.
b.
c.
The weight percent of the liquid and proeutectic

alpha at 250C.
The weight percent of the liquid and proeutectic
alpha just above the eutectic temperature
(183C) and the weight in kilograms of these
phases.
The weight in kilograms of alpha and beta
formed by the eutectic reaction.
Example Problem 8.6
A lead-tin (Pb-Sn) alloy contains 64 wt%

proeutectic and 36 wt% eutectic + at
183 C T. Calculate the average
composition of this alloy.

Chapter 4-Phase Diagram

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Chapter 8

Describe cooling curves and phase diagrams

Used to determine phase transition

A degree of undercooling is required for the

Cooling Curve for Pure Iron

(1) Binary Isomorphous Alloy Systems

A mixture of 2 metals is called binary alloy

Gibbs Phase Rule

P = number of phases that coexist in a system

For pure water, at triple point, 3 phases

Copper-Nickel Phase Diagran

The Lever Rule

The weight percentages of the phases in any

Example Problem 8.2

What is the weight percent of copper in the

(2) Binary Eutectic Alloy Systems

Eutectic reaction: a phase transformation in which all the liquid

Example, in lead (Pb) tin (Sn) system.

Example Problem 8.4

At the eutectic composition just below 183C

Example Problem 8.5

One kilogram of an alloy of 70 percent Pb and

The weight percent of the liquid and proeutectic

Example Problem 8.6

A lead-tin (Pb-Sn) alloy contains 64 wt%

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