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    II Law of Genetics

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    Stephen Moore
    A dihybrid cross between yellow, round seed parents and green, wrinkled seed parents produced offspring that displayed four phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. Mendel determined that the factors (alleles) for each trait - color and shape - segregated independently during gamete formation. Therefore, gametes containing all four combinations of alleles - RY, Ry, rY, and ry - were produced in equal proportions, leading to the observed ratio when the offspring self-fertilized. This supported Mendel's theory of independent assortment, which established that genes for different traits are transmitted to gametes independently of one another.

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    II Law of Genetics

    Uploaded by

    Stephen Moore
    64 views10 pages
    A dihybrid cross between yellow, round seed parents and green, wrinkled seed parents produced offspring that displayed four phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. Mendel determined that the factors (alleles) for each trait - color and shape - segregated independently during gamete formation. Therefore, gametes containing all four combinations of alleles - RY, Ry, rY, and ry - were produced in equal proportions, leading to the observed ratio when the offspring self-fertilized. This supported Mendel's theory of independent assortment, which established that genes for different traits are transmitted to gametes independently of one another.

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    Medelian Laws of genetics

    Original Title

    II Law of genetics

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    A dihybrid cross between yellow, round seed parents and green, wrinkled seed parents produced offspring that displayed four phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. Mendel determined that the factors (alleles) for each trait - color and shape - segregated independently during gamete formation. Therefore, gametes containing all four combinations of alleles - RY, Ry, rY, and ry - were produced in equal proportions, leading to the observed ratio when the offspring self-fertilized. This supported Mendel's theory of independent assortment, which established that genes for different traits are transmitted to gametes independently of one another.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    64 views10 pages

    II Law of Genetics

    Uploaded by

    Stephen Moore
    A dihybrid cross between yellow, round seed parents and green, wrinkled seed parents produced offspring that displayed four phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. Mendel determined that the factors (alleles) for each trait - color and shape - segregated independently during gamete formation. Therefore, gametes containing all four combinations of alleles - RY, Ry, rY, and ry - were produced in equal proportions, leading to the observed ratio when the offspring self-fertilized. This supported Mendel's theory of independent assortment, which established that genes for different traits are transmitted to gametes independently of one another.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Monohybrid cross: cross between two parents

    with difference in a single character or single


    pair of allele.

    Height : Tall and short


    Flower : Pink and white
    Color of the seed: green and yellow
    Shape of the seed: round and wrinkled

    Dihybrid cross: Cross between two parents


    with difference in a two character or two pairs
    of alleles.
    Color and shape of the seed: Yellow, Round Seed x
    Green, Wrinkled Seed

    Yellow color dominant over green


    color
    Round shape dominant over wrinkle
    In the parental generation
    Round pure breeding also had Yellow
    homozygous character, and Wrinkle
    pure breeding had green homozygous
    character
    In F1 both the shape and color became
    heterozygous hence expressed only
    the dominant character, that is Round
    and Yellow, however all four factors
    were present in the F1 (RrYy)
    During time of game formation each
    pair of factors segregated from each
    other forming either dominant or
    recessive factor for each gamete.
    But the question was how four
    different combinations appeared in the

    Mendel argued that the pair of factors for roundness must be behaving
    independently of the pair of factors for yellow colour of seeds. In other words,
    one factor for a character must be passing independently of a factor for
    another character.
    Thus in the F1 hybrids, R and r pass into different gametes. Similar probabilities
    exist for Y and y gametes.
    It follows that the probability that R and Y should go to the same gamete is
    one-fourth, as also of R and y, r and Y, and r and y. Therefore, gametes
    containing factors RY, Ry, rY and ry should form in equal proportions.
    So when the F1 was selfed both parents produced four types of gametes,
    during the time of fertilization all gametes have eaqula chances of fertilizing
    with all four types of gametes and as result two new combination of offspring
    were produced.
    He verified the result by test cross by crossing F1 hybrid with double recessive
    parent (rryy) and got the following result confirming the formation of four types
    of games

    From the results of his dihybrid crosses, Mendel realized


    the following facts.
    At the time of gamete formation the segregation of alleles R and r
    into separate gametes occurs independently of the segregation of
    alleles Y and y.
    That is why the resulting gametes contain all possible
    combinations of these alleles, i.e. RY, Ry, rY, ry.

    In this way Mendel proved that when two characters are


    considered in a cross, there is independent assortment of
    genes for each character, and this became the Law of
    Independent Assortment.

    Find out the ratio of round and wrinkled seeded plant


    among the progenies of a cross between
    1.
    2.

    RrYY X rrYy
    Rryy X RrYY

    Find out the proportion of Yellow seeded progenies from


    the cross between
    1.
    2.

    RRYy X rrYY
    RrYY X Rryy

    Multiple allele
    M is a multiple allelic gene, having four allele (M, M1,
    M2 & M3). How many alleles would be present in an
    individual with heterozygous genotype?
    How many alleles would be present in an individual with
    homozygous genotype?

    In the multiple allele series that determines


    coat color in rabbits, C+ codes for agouti
    (brown fur) , cch for chinchilla, ch for Himalayan
    and ca for albino. Dominance is in the order C +
    >cch>ch > c.
    In a cross of C+ /cch X cch/ch, what proportion of
    progeny will be chinchilla?

    C+C+, C+cch,
    C+ch, C+c

    cchcch, cchch,
    cchc

    c hc h, c hc

    cc

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