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    Reservoirs and Dams

    Uploaded by

    ubaid
    The document discusses dams, reservoirs, and related geological considerations. It addresses reservoir site selection factors like topography, climate, and geology. It also covers reservoir issues like leakage through subsurface pathways, sedimentation filling reservoirs over time, and how raising reservoir water tables can cause slope failures by reducing effective stress. Regarding dams, it distinguishes between gravity, arch, earth, and buttress dam designs and the different forces they experience. It emphasizes the importance of evaluating a site's geology for stability and addresses ground improvement techniques used to strengthen weak foundations, like grouting, drainage, and thermal methods.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Reservoirs and Dams

    Uploaded by

    ubaid
    137 views26 pages
    The document discusses dams, reservoirs, and related geological considerations. It addresses reservoir site selection factors like topography, climate, and geology. It also covers reservoir issues like leakage through subsurface pathways, sedimentation filling reservoirs over time, and how raising reservoir water tables can cause slope failures by reducing effective stress. Regarding dams, it distinguishes between gravity, arch, earth, and buttress dam designs and the different forces they experience. It emphasizes the importance of evaluating a site's geology for stability and addresses ground improvement techniques used to strengthen weak foundations, like grouting, drainage, and thermal methods.

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    dams,civil,engineering

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    The document discusses dams, reservoirs, and related geological considerations. It addresses reservoir site selection factors like topography, climate, and geology. It also covers reservoir issues like leakage through subsurface pathways, sedimentation filling reservoirs over time, and how raising reservoir water tables can cause slope failures by reducing effective stress. Regarding dams, it distinguishes between gravity, arch, earth, and buttress dam designs and the different forces they experience. It emphasizes the importance of evaluating a site's geology for stability and addresses ground improvement techniques used to strengthen weak foundations, like grouting, drainage, and thermal methods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    137 views26 pages

    Reservoirs and Dams

    Uploaded by

    ubaid
    The document discusses dams, reservoirs, and related geological considerations. It addresses reservoir site selection factors like topography, climate, and geology. It also covers reservoir issues like leakage through subsurface pathways, sedimentation filling reservoirs over time, and how raising reservoir water tables can cause slope failures by reducing effective stress. Regarding dams, it distinguishes between gravity, arch, earth, and buttress dam designs and the different forces they experience. It emphasizes the importance of evaluating a site's geology for stability and addresses ground improvement techniques used to strengthen weak foundations, like grouting, drainage, and thermal methods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    Dams and reservoirs

    Reservoirs
    Site selection
    Leakage from
    reservoirs
    Sedimentation
    Stability: effect of
    raised WT

    Dams
    Types
    Forces on a dam
    Geology and dam sites
    Rock types and dams
    Dams on soils
    Ground improvement

    Dams and reservoirs - literature


    Bell F.G., Engineering geology and
    geotechnics
    Ch 6 (Reservoirs)
    Ch 7 (Dams)

    Blyth F.G.H. and de Freitas M.H., A


    geology for engineers
    Ch 14 (Reservoirs and dams)

    Reservoirs: purpose
    Water storage
    Flood prevention
    Power

    Reservoirs: site selection


    Hydrological considerations
    Fundamental controls
    topography
    climate
    geology
    Water
    added
    Rainfall in river
    basin

    Water
    subtracted
    Infiltration
    Evaporation
    Transpiration

    Net amount of water


    available for storage
    Runoff

    Reservoirs: leakage

    Water
    added
    Rainfall in
    river basin

    Water
    subtracted

    Leakage from
    reservoir

    Infiltration
    Evaporation
    Transpiration

    Net amount of water


    available for storage
    Runoff

    1. Dam bypass
    2. Water table effects

    Reservoirs: leakage
    Leakage via subsurface bypass due to siphon effect
    Dol-y-gaer dam
    reservoir level

    Carboniferous strata:
    Devonian strata

    Devonian strata
    Subsurface water flow

    Devonian strata

    fracture and dissolution


    flow routes

    Reservoirs: leakage
    Leakage buried channels beneath drift

    RD
    rac

    Ancient river/valley
    Modern river/valley
    50 km

    Sautet
    dam and
    reservoir

    Bypass of reservoir in drift

    Reservoirs: water table leakage-1


    lan
    d

    wat
    er

    su
    rfa
    c

    before

    tabl
    e

    water table divide


    Bedrock with a water
    table and finite
    permeability

    river

    new
    water
    table

    Leakage to next valley

    reservoir

    after

    Reservoirs: water table leakage-2


    Water table in aquifer
    La
    nd
    s

    urf
    ac

    High
    permeability
    layer

    before
    Bedrock with low
    permeability: aquiclude

    river

    Modified water table in aquifer


    reservoir

    High
    permeability
    layer

    Leakage to next valley

    after

    Reservoirs: sedimentation
    Worlds largest dam;
    180m tall, 2km wide
    84% sediment in rainy
    season (june-sept)
    drawdown and
    sediment sluicing
    during this period

    Reservoirs: raised water table


    Before
    river

    Water table

    After - 1
    reservoir

    Raised water table

    After - 2
    reservoir

    Failure and
    slumping
    due to
    weakened
    rock mass

    Viaont dam disaster, Italy

    Reservoirs: raised water table

    Shear stress s

    s=c +.(n- p)
    p = pore fluid pressure
    n p = effective stress
    Unstable
    Stable
    Raising water table
    3, WT

    1,WT

    Normal stress n

    Dams: types

    Gravity dam: rigid monolithic structure


    Trapezoidal cross section
    Minimal differential movement tolerated
    Dispersed moderate stress on valley floor and
    walls

    Arch dam: high strength concrete wall

    Convex faces upstream


    Thin walled structure
    Relatively flexible
    Huge stresses imposed on valley walls and floor

    Earth dams: bank or earth or rock with


    impermeable core
    Core of clay or concrete, extended below ground
    Sand or gravel drains built to cut fluid pressure
    Low stress applied to valley floor and walls

    Types of dam
    Arch

    Gravity

    Buttress

    Embankment
    or Earth

    Emosson Dam, Switzerland

    The Vaiont dam today

    Dams: forces applied


    Vertical static forces
    Lateral force applied by water body
    Dynamic forces
    wave action
    overflow of water (controlled by spillway
    channels)
    earthquakes and tremors
    ice/freezing

    Dam failure: earthquake

    Dam failure: asteroids

    Dam failure: bombs

    Dam sites: geology


    Poor geological characterisation of dam foundation
    responsible for 40% of dam failures
    Need proper site investigation

    Dams: ground improvement

    ground strengthening

    Poor geological conditions can be improved in 2 ways


    improving load bearing properties
    controlling seepage

    >10

    gravel

    0.07

    sand

    0.002

    <0.0001 mm grain size

    silt

    clay

    Rolling, bolting and pre-loading


    gravity drainage
    well-points with drainage
    electro-osmosis
    vibro flotation
    explosives

    grouts
    chemical treatments
    thermal treatment

    Dams: ground improvement

    Rock bolts
    Rolling and preloading

    Gravity drainage and well points:

    material injected into the ground

    Chemical treatments

    useful in water-saturated gravel and scree increases bulk density

    Grouts

    mechanical vibrating plate with load compresses low density gravels and sands

    Explosives

    sand and gravel channels and shallow wells (for pumping) Electro-osmosis: insert conduction
    rods into fine grained clay-rich bedrock and have an electric field - de-waters ground via the
    flow of electric current

    Vibroflotation

    compresses ground in prep for structure


    improves post dam compaction

    react solutions injected into ground. React with material to alter properties. NaCl solution
    injected into smectite-rich mud, shale etc. to alter expansivity of smectite stabilizes ground preconstruction

    Thermal treatment

    Freezing with injected liquid N2 to consolidate loose ground during excavation. Heating by
    burning petroleum under pressure in subsurface causes thermal metamorphism - hardens
    ground and cuts porosity

    Reservoir

    Injected
    grout curtain

    Core and rear of dam

    R ip
    wa rap t
    ve
    o
    en kill
    erg
    y

    Hard face to dam

    Pre-stressed
    anchors
    Drain

    Apron drains (to


    individual aquifers)

    Regolith
    Aquiclude layers
    Aquifer layers

    Excavation
    to rock

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