OPAMP

CONTENTS
Introduction of Operation Amplifier

(Op-Amp)
Analysis of ideal Op-Amp applications
Comparison of ideal and non-ideal
Op-Amp
Non-ideal Op-Amp consideration
Properties of Op-Amp
Operational Amplifier (OpAmp)
Very high differential

gain
High input impedance
Low output impedance
Provide voltage changes
(amplitude and polarity)
Used in oscillator, filter
and instrumentation
Accumulate a very high
gain by multiple stages
+V
cc
Input 1
Input 2
R ~inf
in
Output
-V R ~0
cc
out
Vo GdVd
Gd : differential gain normally
very large, say 105
Single-Ended Input
+
~ Vi
+ terminal : Source
terminal : Ground
0o phase change
+ terminal : Ground
terminal : Source
180o phase change
Double-Ended Input
V
Differential input
Vd V V
0o phase shift change
between Vo and Vd
+
~ V1
Ques: What Vo should b e if,
Ans: (A or B) ?
(A)
(B)
Distortion
+V =+5V
cc
+5V
o
0
5V
V =5V
cc
The output voltage never excess the DC

voltage supply of the Op-Amp
Common-Mode Operation
Same voltage source is applied
+
o
at both terminals
Ideally, two input are equally
amplified
Output voltage is ideally zero
due to differential voltage is
zero
Practically, a small output
signal can still be measured
Note for differential circuits:

Opposite inputs : highly amplified
Common inputs : slightly
amplified
Common-Mode Rejection
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio

(CMRR)
Differential voltage input :
Vd V V
Common voltage input :
1
Vc (V V )
2
Output voltage :
Vo Gd Vd GcVc
Gd : Differential gain
Gc : Common mode gain
Noninverting
+
Input
Output
Inverting
Input
Common-mode rejection ratio:

CMRR
Gd
G
20 log10 d (dB)
Gc
Gc
Note:
When Gd >> Gc or CMRR
Vo = GdVd
Op-Amp Properties
(1) Infinite Open Loop gain
-
The gain without feedback

Equal to differential gain
Zero common-mode gain
Pratically, Gd = 20,000 to 200,000
(2) Infinite Input impedance

-
Input current ii ~0A

T- in high-grade op-amp
m-A input current in low-grade opamp
V1
V2
i1~0
i2~0
act as perfect internal voltage source

No internal resistance
Output impedance in series with load
Reducing output voltage to the load
Vo
Rout
Vo' +
(3) Zero Output Impedance

-
Vo
Vload Vo
Rload
Rload
Rload Rout
Frequency-Gain Relation
Ideally, signals are amplified

from DC to the highest AC
(Voltage Gain)
frequency
Gd
Practically, bandwidth is limited
0.707Gd
741 family op-amp have an limit
bandwidth of few KHz.
Unity Gain frequency f1: the

gain at unity
Cutoff frequency fc: the gain
drop by 3dB from dc gain Gd
GB Product : f1 = Gd fc
20log(0.707)=3dB
1
0
fc
f1
(frequency)
Ideal Vs Practical Op-Amp

Open Loop gain A
Ideal
Practical
105
Bandwidth BW
10-100Hz
Input Impedance
Zin
>1M
Output Impedance
Zout
10-100
Output Voltage Vout
Depends only
on Vd =
(V+V)
Depends
slightly on
average input
Vc = (V++V)/2
Common-Mode
signal
Differential
mode signal
CMRR
10-100dB
Vin
+ AVin
Ideal op-amp
Zout=0
Vin
Zin
Vout
Practical op-amp
Zout
~
AVin
Vout
Ideal Op-Amp Applications

Analysis Method :
Two ideal Op-Amp Properties:
(1)
The voltage between V+ and V is zero V+ = V
(2)
The current into both V+ and V termainals is zero
For ideal Op-Amp circuit:
(1)
Write the kirchhoff node equation at the noninverting
terminal V+
(2)
Write the kirchhoff node eqaution at the inverting
terminal V
(3)
Set V+ = V and solve for the desired closed-loop gain
Non-Inverting Amplifier
(1)
Kirchhoff node equation at V+

yields,
V Vi
(2)
Setting V+ = V yields
Vi Vi Vo
0
Ra
Rf
or
Rf
Vo
1
Vi
Ra
Kirchhoff node equation at V

yields,
V 0 V Vo
0
Ra
Rf
(3)
in
Ra
Rf
v+
v-
vi
v+
v-
Rf
Ra
)vi
Rf
Voltage follower
vo vi
R2
v-
vo
vo
Rf
Ra
Noninverting amplifier
vo (1
R1
v+
vi
Non-Inverting input with voltage divider

Rf
R2
vo (1 )(
)vi
Ra R1 R2
v
v+
i
v-
Less than unity gain
vo
R2
vi
R1 R2
Inverting Amplifier
(1)
Rf
Kirchhoff node equation at V+

yields,
Ra
V 0
(2)
Vin V_
Ra
(3)
V ~
Kirchhoff node equation at V

yields,
in
Vo V
0
Rf
Vo R f
Vin
Ra
Notice: The closed-loop gain Vo/Vin is

dependent upon the ratio of two resistors,
and is independent of the open-loop gain.
This is caused by the use of feedback output
voltage to subtract from the input voltage.
Multiple Inputs
(1)
(2)
Kirchhoff node
equation at V+ yields,
V 0
Kirchhoff node
equation at V yields,
V_ Vo
Rf
(3)
V Va V Vb V Vc
0
Ra
Rb
Rc
c V
Va Vb Vc
j
Vo R f
R f
j a R j
Ra Rb Rc
Rf
Va
Vb
Vc
Ra
Rb
Rc
Non-ideal case
(Inverting Amplifier)
Rf
Ra
V ~
in
in
Ra
Vin
Zin
Practical op-amp
Zout
~
Vout
AVin
Equivalent Circuit
Rf
3 categories are considering
R
R
V
+ +
-AV
Close-Loop Voltage Gain

Input impedance
Output impedance
Close-Loop Gain
Applied KCL at V terminal,
Vin V V Vo V
0
Ra
R
Rf
By using the open loop gain,
Rf
Ra
in
R R
+ +
Vo AV
Vin Vo
V
V
V
o o o 0
Ra ARa AR R f AR f
Vin Vo R R f Ra R f Ra R ARa R
Ra
ARa R R f
The Close-Loop Gain, Av
AR R f
Vo
Av
Vin R R f Ra R f Ra R ARa R
Ra
in
-AV
Rf
V R
Close-Loop Gain
When the open loop gain is very large, the above equation become,
Av ~
Rf
Ra
Note : The close-loop gain now reduce to the same form

as an ideal case
Input Impedance
Input Impedance can be regarded as,
Rin Ra R // R
where R is the equivalent impedance

of the red box circuit, that is
V
R
if
However, with the below circuit,
V ( AV ) i f ( R f Ro )
V R f Ro
R
if
1 A
Rf
Ra
in
V R
+ +
-AV
R'
if
Rf
R
V
+
-AV
Input Impedance
Finally, we find the input impedance as,
1
1 A
Rin Ra
R
R
R

f
o
Rin Ra
R ( R f Ro )
R f Ro (1 A) R
Since, R f Ro (1 A) R , Rin become,

Rin ~ Ra
( R f Ro )
(1 A)
Again with R f Ro (1 A)
Rin ~ Ra
Note: The op-amp can provide an impedance isolated from

input to output
Output Impedance
Only source-free output impedance would be considered,
i.e. Vi is assumed to be 0
Ra
Firstly, with figure (a),
V
Ra // R
Ra R
Vo V
Vo
R f Ra // R
Ra R f Ra R R f R
Rf
R
V
By using KCL, io = i1+ i2

Vo
V ( AV )
io
o
R f Ra // R f
Ro
By substitute the equation from Fig. (a),
The output impedance, Rout is
Ro ( Ra R f Ra R R f R )
Vo
io (1 Ro )( Ra R f Ra R R f R ) (1 A) Ra R
R and A comparably large,

Ro ( Ra R f )
Rout ~
ARa
Rf
V
Ra
io
+
-AV
i2
V
R
(a)
i1
V
-AV
(b)

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CONTENTS

Introduction of Operation Amplifier

Operational Amplifier (OpAmp)

Very high differential

0o phase shift change

Ques: What Vo should b e if,

The output voltage never excess the DC

Note for differential circuits:

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio

Common voltage input :

Common-mode rejection ratio:

The gain without feedback

(2) Infinite Input impedance

Input current ii ~0A

act as perfect internal voltage source

(3) Zero Output Impedance

Ideally, signals are amplified

Unity Gain frequency f1: the

Ideal Vs Practical Op-Amp

Output Voltage Vout

Ideal Op-Amp Applications

Kirchhoff node equation at V+

Kirchhoff node equation at V

Non-Inverting input with voltage divider

Less than unity gain

Kirchhoff node equation at V+

Kirchhoff node equation at V

Notice: The closed-loop gain Vo/Vin is

3 categories are considering

Close-Loop Voltage Gain

The Close-Loop Gain, Av

Note : The close-loop gain now reduce to the same form

where R is the equivalent impedance

Since, R f Ro (1 A) R , Rin become,

Note: The op-amp can provide an impedance isolated from

By using KCL, io = i1+ i2

R and A comparably large,

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