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    Atkins Chapter01.Lect01

    Uploaded by

    Hari Kristopo
    physical chemistry lecture 1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Atkins Chapter01.Lect01

    Uploaded by

    Hari Kristopo
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    physical chemistry lecture 1

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    physical chemistry lecture 1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    382 views37 pages

    Atkins Chapter01.Lect01

    Uploaded by

    Hari Kristopo
    physical chemistry lecture 1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 37

    Peter Atkins Julio de Paula

    Atkins Physical Chemistry


    Eighth Edition

    Chapter 1
    The Properties of Gases

    Copyright 2006 by Peter Atkins and Julio de Paula

    Homework Set #1
    Atkins & de Paula, 8e
    Chap 1 Exercises: all part (b) unless
    noted
    1, 2, 4, 9,
    10, 11, 13,
    15, 17, 19, 21

    Physical Characteristics of Gases

    Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.

    Gases are the most compressible state of matter.

    Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to the


    same container. (No solubility rules!)

    Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.

    Density of a gas given in g/L (vice g/mL for liquids)

    NO2

    The Perfect Gas


    Each gas can be described by an equation of state:
    P = f(T, V, n)

    Pressure force / unit area

    Fig 1.1

    Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions


    Heat - the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that
    are at different temperatures
    Temperature - a measure of the thermal energy
    Temperature = Thermal Energy
    (intensive)

    90 C
    greater temperature

    (extensive)

    40 C
    greater thermal energy

    Fig 1.2 Temperature the


    direction of thermal energy flow
    through a thermally conducting
    rigid wall

    Thermal equilibrium no net heat flow between two objects


    in contact through a diathermic boundary

    Fig 1.3 Zeroth Law of


    thermodynamics

    Temperature Scales

    Perfect gas temperature scale

    K = C + 273.15

    The Gas Laws


    Pressure - Volume Relationship: Boyles Law
    Temperature - Volume Relationship: Charless

    and Gay-Lussacs Law

    Volume - Amount Relationship: Avogadros Law


    The Perfect (Ideal) Gas Law

    Fig 1.4 Boyles Law

    PV = constant
    A limiting law

    Fig 1.5 Charless Law

    V = constant T
    Another limiting law

    Fig 1.6 Charless Law


    Variation of volume with
    temperature at constant P

    Fig 1.7 Charless Law


    Variation of pressure with
    temperature at constant V

    Perfect Gas Equation


    1

    Boyles law:

    Charles law:

    VT

    (at constant n and P)

    Avogadros law:

    Vn

    (at constant P and T)

    (at constant n and T)

    V nT
    P
    V = constant

    nT
    P

    =R

    nT
    P

    R is the gas constant

    PV = nRT
    What is the value of R?

    PV = nRT
    PV (1.000 atm)(22.41 4 L)
    R

    nT (1.000 mol)(273.1 5 K)
    L atm
    R 0.08206
    mol K
    The conditions 0 C and 1 atm are called
    standard temperature and pressure (STP).
    Experiments show that at STP,
    1 mole of an ideal gas
    occupies 22.414 L:

    Comparison of Molar Volumes at STP


    One mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.414 L @ STP
    One mole of various real gases at STP occupy:

    Fig 1.8 A region of a P-V-T surface of a perfect gas

    Fig 1.8 Sections through P-V-T surface of a perfect gas

    PV = nRT useful when P, V, n, and T do not change


    Modify equation when P, V, and/or T change:
    Initial state (1) of gas:
    P1V1
    R
    n1T1

    Combined Gas Law

    Final state (2) of gas:

    P1V1 P2 V2

    n1T1 n2 T2

    P2 V2
    R
    n2 T2

    Eqn [1.12]

    Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures

    V and T
    are
    constant

    P1

    P2
    Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

    Ptotal = P1 + P2

    Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a


    container of volume V at a total pressure PT

    nART
    PA =
    V

    nA is the number of moles of A

    nBRT
    PB =
    V

    nB is the number of moles of B

    PT = PA + PB
    PA = XA PT

    nA
    XA =
    nA + nB

    nB
    XB =
    nA + nB

    PB = XB PT

    Pi = Xi PT

    mole fraction (Xi) =

    Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

    ni
    nT

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