The document discusses key concepts related to operating system processes including process creation using fork(), process termination using kill(), process states, and context switching. It provides examples of C code using fork() to create multiple concurrent processes and print output to demonstrate interleaving. Process creation inherits attributes from the parent process but each process has a unique ID. kill() is used to terminate processes by sending signals. The assignment is to create a multi-tasking program using fork() and observing concurrent process execution.
The document discusses key concepts related to operating system processes including process creation using fork(), process termination using kill(), process states, and context switching. It provides examples of C code using fork() to create multiple concurrent processes and print output to demonstrate interleaving. Process creation inherits attributes from the parent process but each process has a unique ID. kill() is used to terminate processes by sending signals. The assignment is to create a multi-tasking program using fork() and observing concurrent process execution.
The document discusses key concepts related to operating system processes including process creation using fork(), process termination using kill(), process states, and context switching. It provides examples of C code using fork() to create multiple concurrent processes and print output to demonstrate interleaving. Process creation inherits attributes from the parent process but each process has a unique ID. kill() is used to terminate processes by sending signals. The assignment is to create a multi-tasking program using fork() and observing concurrent process execution.
The document discusses key concepts related to operating system processes including process creation using fork(), process termination using kill(), process states, and context switching. It provides examples of C code using fork() to create multiple concurrent processes and print output to demonstrate interleaving. Process creation inherits attributes from the parent process but each process has a unique ID. kill() is used to terminate processes by sending signals. The assignment is to create a multi-tasking program using fork() and observing concurrent process execution.
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CSCI 530 Operating Systems
Function of OS Kernel: Table 3.7
Process Management Memory Management I/O Management ( Include File Management) Support Functions ( Accounting, Monitoring)
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Process Creation
Assign a unique process identifier
Allocate space for the process Initialize process control block Set up appropriate linkages Ex: add new process to linked list used for scheduling queue Create other expanded data structures Ex: maintain an accounting file for resource usage
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When to Switch a Process Clock interrupt (timer) process has executed for the maximum allowable time slice I/O interrupt Memory fault ( page fault) memory address is in virtual memory so it must be brought into main memory
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When to Switch a Process Trap error occurred may cause process to be moved to Exit state Supervisor call ( System Call) such as file open and close Some other OS book define trap as system call
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Change of Process State Save context of processor including program counter and other registers Update the process control block of the process that is currently running Move process control block to appropriate queue ready, blocked, suspended ( logical queue) Select another process for execution
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Change of Process State Update the process control block of the process newly selected Update memory-management data structure to reflect memory mapping change ( suspending, swap, etc.) Restore the context of the selected process ( PC register will point to new process, etc.)
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System Call Differ it from user function call or API Library call Average computing time: 2000 nano-seconds system call 90 nano-seconds user function call . Related with trap and Processor Protection mode
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Swap Process Swap and Suspend State swap is a mechanism to coordinate processes to share main memory efficiently, and make the processor as busy as possible (for higher performance). Process is swapped out from main memory to disk, or from disk to main memory.
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What if no swap? Limit maximum size of a process and limit the number of processes that can run in the system concurrently. Related with virtual memory. Review: Suspend State (read suspended or block-suspended), store full or partial of a process in disk New process created in Ready-suspend state or ready state. Both waits for memory available.
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Mode of Processor Execution Instruction in user program has no permission to access critical kernel data directly. It is running in user mode. User program triggers system instruction that is running in kernel mode (system mode) and OS kernel will handle such privileged instruction invoked by the user program (such as file write/close/delete). Change the data in process control block can only run in system mode. This way to protect OS related control tables such as file, I/O/memory table.
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OS kernel module (code) itself is always running in system mode where all privileged instruction can be executed. Usually the user instruction of a process is limited to its own process private address space when executed until it make a system call.
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Highlighted Concepts in Chapter 3:
Process /context switching
Process swapping Example to create a process Example to terminate a process Example of process interruption Physical and logical Parallelism Process state and the event that causes the state change Processor execution mode and trap System call
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Unix Process Commands User Commands: ps report process status DESCRIPTION The ps command prints information about active processes. Without options, ps prints information about processes associated with the controlling terminal. The output contains only the process ID, terminal identifier, cumulative execution time, and the command name. Otherwise, the information that is displayed is controlled by the options.
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System Calls
fork()
fork(): create a new process
The fork() functions create a new process. The new process (child process) is an exact copy of the calling process (parent process). The child process inherits the following major attributes from the parent process:
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System Call: fork ()
real user ID, real group ID, effective user ID,
effective group ID environment open file descriptors all attached shared memory segments process group ID -- memory mappings current working directory root directory controlling terminal saved user ID and group ID
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The child process differs from the parent process in the following ways: The child process has a unique process ID which does not match any other active process group ID. The child process has a different parent process ID (that is, the process ID of the parent process). The child process has its own copy of the parent's file descriptors and directory streams.
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Each of the child's file descriptors shares a common file pointer with the corresponding file descriptor of the parent. Process locks, text locks, data locks, and other memory locks are not inherited by the child
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RETURN VALUES Upon successful completion, fork() return 0 to the child process and return the process ID of the child process to the parent process. Otherwise, -1 is returned to the parent process, no child process is created, and errno is set to indicate the error.
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User Commands: Kill kill - terminate or signal processes SYNOPSIS /usr/bin/kill -s signal pid... /usr/bin/kill [ -signal ] pid... DESCRIPTION
The kill utility sends a signal to the process or
processes specified by each pid operand.
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Kill The signaled process must belong to the current user unless the user is the superuser.
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Assignment: Fork Project and Multi-tasking Multi-tasking through system call fork(), learn system call, and observe interleaving when multiple processes are executed concurrently. Please reference the class support web site for basics of Unix C programming, such as: editing tool vi, compiler gcc; Learn other Unix user commands for files operations.
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Sample code: #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/wait.h> main() { /*PC register will point to here when a process is scheduled to execute */ int orig=500; int pid;
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if ( (pid=fork() = -1 ) { printf("sorry, fork failed"); exit (-1);} } else if ((pid != 0 ) { /*this is parent process */ orig=orig+100; printf(inside Parent: orig=%d\n,orig); exit (0); }
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else
/* this is a child process */
orig=orig+100; printf(inside Child: orig=%d\n, orig); exit (0); } } // end of main
