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    11.1 Early African Civilizations

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    The geography and climate of Africa greatly influenced early civilizations. The vast Sahara desert separated northern and sub-Saharan Africa, though trans-Saharan trade routes later developed using camels. In eastern Africa, the Nile river supported the early kingdom of Nubia south of Egypt. Nubia's capital city of Meroë became a trade center along the Nile and Red Sea routes. Throughout Africa, varied climates and vegetation zones impacted where civilizations could develop.

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    11.1 Early African Civilizations

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    The geography and climate of Africa greatly influenced early civilizations. The vast Sahara desert separated northern and sub-Saharan Africa, though trans-Saharan trade routes later developed using camels. In eastern Africa, the Nile river supported the early kingdom of Nubia south of Egypt. Nubia's capital city of Meroë became a trade center along the Nile and Red Sea routes. Throughout Africa, varied climates and vegetation zones impacted where civilizations could develop.

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    The geography and climate of Africa greatly influenced early civilizations. The vast Sahara desert separated northern and sub-Saharan Africa, though trans-Saharan trade routes later developed using camels. In eastern Africa, the Nile river supported the early kingdom of Nubia south of Egypt. Nubia's capital city of Meroë became a trade center along the Nile and Red Sea routes. Throughout Africa, varied climates and vegetation zones impacted where civilizations could develop.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    107 views12 pages

    11.1 Early African Civilizations

    Uploaded by

    api-245498585
    The geography and climate of Africa greatly influenced early civilizations. The vast Sahara desert separated northern and sub-Saharan Africa, though trans-Saharan trade routes later developed using camels. In eastern Africa, the Nile river supported the early kingdom of Nubia south of Egypt. Nubia's capital city of Meroë became a trade center along the Nile and Red Sea routes. Throughout Africa, varied climates and vegetation zones impacted where civilizations could develop.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    11.

    1 Early African Civilizations

    Sahara the largest desert in the world, covering almost all


    of North Africa

    savanna a grassy plain

    cataract waterfall

    desertification the process by which a desert spreads,


    often caused by climate change

    Bantu the root language of a diverse group of West


    African people who migrated into southern Africa between
    1000 B.C. and A.D. 1000

    Nubia an ancient kingdom that flourished in present-day


    Sudan at the same time as the ancient Egyptians, from
    about 2700 B.C. to A.D. 350

    Mero the Nubian capital after 500 B.C., which controlled


    the Niles north-south trade route and
    the east-west trade route from the Red Sea to North Africa

    How did geography and natural resources


    affect the development of early societies
    throughout Africa?
    The vast Sahara is one of many geographic
    features of Africa that have influenced its history
    and development.
    Migrations of people and ideas contributed to the
    rich diversity of this continent.

    The variety of climate and geography in Africa


    influenced its diversity of culture.

    One of its most notable geographic features


    is the vast Sahara, the worlds largest
    desert.

    Varied vegetation
    regions form wide
    bands across Africa.

    The most populated


    regions are the savannas.
    Deserts, rain forests,
    and rivers with cataracts
    hindered easy movement.
    At the same time, the
    Great Rift Valley served as
    an interior passage.

    Despite the difficulty of travel, trade across the


    Sahara expanded by A.D. 200 due to the
    introduction of camels from Asia.

    Camels could carry heavy


    loads 20 or 30 miles a day.
    Merchants on both sides of
    the Sahara profited from
    these ships of the desert.

    By 5500 B.C., Neolithic farmers cultivated the


    Nile Valley. Farming villages also appeared in
    the Sahara.
    The Sahara was a well-watered area at the time.
    However, around 2500 B.C. climate change led to
    desertification of the Sahara.
    As farmland was lost, people began to migrate
    south.

    West Africans
    who migrated
    south and east
    spoke a variety
    of languages
    derived from a
    root language
    called Bantu.
    This mass
    movement of
    peoples is known
    as the Bantu
    migrations.

    The kingdom of Nubia took shape at the same


    time as the great Egyptian civilization.

    Located south of Egypt, Nubia


    was under Egyptian control
    for many years. It regained its
    independence by 1100 B.C.

    Around 730 B.C. the Nubian king


    Piankhi conquered Egypt.

    Assyrians later conquered Nubia.


    By 500 B.C., Nubia moved its
    capital to Mero.

    People in the Nubian capital Mero


    mastered ironworking and the city became
    a trade center.
    Nubians worshipped their own gods and
    developed their own form of writing.
    Ultimately, the civilization declined. Nubia was
    invaded from the south by the kingdom of Axum
    in A.D. 350.

    Early North
    African
    civilizations
    had strong ties
    to the
    Mediterranean
    Sea and were
    influenced by
    outsiders.

    Phoenician traders built


    Carthage, which was
    powerful from 800 B.C.
    to 146 B.C.
    After the Punic Wars,
    Rome burned Carthage.
    Romans farmed North
    Africa to feed their
    people.
    Under Roman rule,
    Christianity spread to
    North Africa.

    Islam spread to North Africa in the 690s as a


    result of the Arab invasions.
    Under Arab rule, Islam replaced Christianity as the dominant religion of
    North Africa, and Arabic replaced Latin as the dominant language.
    Muslim civilization flourished in cities such as Cairo, Fez, and Marrakesh.
    Over time, Muslim traders from North Africa spread Islam into West Africa.

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