CONCEPT OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

PEST -refers to any organism detrimental to man, whether it be

insect, disease organisms, weed, rodent and others.
PESTICIDES are substances used to control pests. Thus,
insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, herbicides and all
pesticides.
PEST CONTROL is a broad term that can be applied to any
procedure employed to reduce pest population or
prevent their detrimental effects.
PEST MANAGEMENT designates a philosophy and
methodology of restricting pest numbers to noninjurious
levels.
INTEGRATED PEST CONTROL (IPC) is interchangeably
used with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) which
refers to
an integration of control tactics into strategy
of pest control.

FAO (1967) PANEL OF EXPERTS

INTEGRATED PEST CONTROL
that in the context of

as a pest management

the associated environment and

the population dynamics of the

pest

species, all suitable

techniques and methods in as compatible a

possible and maintains the pest population at
those causing economic injury.

manner as
levels below

Beginning of Integrated Pest Management

According to Glass (1976), the real beginning or impetus of integrated pest
management was provided by the following problems in the early 1950s
with the unilateral use of pesticides:
1. Development of insect resistance to pesticides.
2. Resurgence of pest following chemical treatments
3. Effect of pesticides on non-target organisms.
4. Creation of new pest problems.
5. Environmental contamination.
Glass (1976), the concept of pest management implies a manipulation of
the agro-ecosystem in such a way that pest are maintained at subeconomic population level.

PHASES IN THE EVOLUTION OF AN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

PROGRAM
Huffaker and Croft (1975) described the following phases in the evolution
of an IPM program.
1. Single-tactic phase. This concerns the control of a single pest utilizing a
single tactic. It does not represent IPM, but it could lead to its
development due to limitation of the approach.
2. Multiple-tactic phase. This embraces a number of tactics, that is, cultural,
mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, host resistance, regulatory,
etc. in manipulating pest population.
3. Biological monitoring phase. This phase introduces monitoring of pest,
natural enemy and host plant populations as the basis for timing of
application of various control tactics.

4. Modeling phase. This involves the conceptualization of the process involved in

pest management system through mental, pictorial, flowchart and mathematical
models.
5. Management or optimization phase. This process involves the construction of a
functional IPM system utilizing compatible systems in optimizing the integration
of this IPM system with the overall crop production system.
6. System implementation phase. This is ultimate phase through which optimal
system are unified for delivery to and utilization by the grower

Three Categories of Pests:

(1) Insect pests
Although there are approximately one million insects in the
world, only about 50% feed on plant. Of these, between 150 to 200
species frequently cause serious damage to crops. The majority of insects
are beneficial to mankind and are classified beneficial or helpful insects.
( 2) Weeds
For the most part, plants are considered weeds if the;
(a) interfere with the use of land and water resources
(b) grow when other plants are wanted
(c) reduce crop yields and quality.
(d) are poisonous to livestock; and
(e) harbor insect pests, harmful rodents and plant diseases.
Classification: (a) grassy weeds
(b) broadleaf weeds
(c) sedges

3. Pathogens
Plant pathogens are micro-organisms that live on and cause
disease in host plant.
Major groups of plant pathogens:
(a) viruses
(b) bacteria
(c) fungi
(d) nematode
Crop losses due to pests in the Asia-Pacific region vary according to
crop type, climate, farming practices and other variables. On average,
the combined effect of plant pests can cause losses of between 30-60
% with complete crop failure occurring if the pest attack is severe.

VARIETY METHODS TO CONTROL PESTS

A. Biological Control Methods
All insect pests and weeds are affected by natural factors which limit
their reproduction, growth and population. Biological control measures
take advantage of the fact by using naturally occurring organisms to
regulate pest populations at acceptable levels.
Beneficial Species:
Parasites usually attack or prey upon one insect species or few closely
related species. Each parasite normally feeds upon a
single
host, gradually destroying it.
Ex. Wasps or flies
Predators Most common predators of insect pests are insect such as
bugs,
crickets or spiders, although some vertebrates may also
eat insects. A
single predator may feed upon and attack many
species of insects, usually killing the prey by quickly ingesting it or
sucking its body fluids.

Ways in which biological control programs enhance the effectiveness

of beneficial species;
(a) Mass rearing and release of parasites
(b) Importing beneficial species
(c) Conserving native parasites and predators
B. Use of Plant Resistance
Plant Resistance is the genetically inherited ability of a plant
to withstand or tolerate insect pests or
diseases.
> Development of resistant varieties is a useful component of pest
management since it is relatively inexpensive and practical.
> The varieties do not increase production cost
> Require less pesticide use than
susceptible varieties, and
all levels of pest population size throughout the

> Limit damage at

season.

1. Types of Plant Resistance to Insect Pests

a. Tolerance. The host plant can survive heavy infestation without a
significant yield loss.
b. Non-preference. Insects do not feed upon, oviposit in or use a
resistant

variety for shelter.

c. Antibiosis. Insects do not grow, survive or reproduce well on the host

plant.
2. Types of Plant Resistance to Diseases
a) Immunity. The plant is not attacked by a disease under any condition.
b) Hypersensitivity. Invaded plant cells are quickly destroyed which
leaves the infected area localized and unable to spread.
c) Tolerance. Tolerance is the most common type of plant resistance to
disease. Tolerant plants are infected by the disease, but the
yield is greater than that of susceptible varieties.

C. Cultural Control Methods

Cultural control is a crop protection method used consciously
or

unconsciously by farmers to improve yield by

reducing pest numbers.
Examples of Cultural Control Methods:
(a) Plowing field and burning stubble
(b) Synchronous planting of crop fields
(c) Planting susceptible trap crops
(d) Intercropping
(e) Crop rotation
(f) Sanitation

D. Mechanical and Physical Methods

> Physical collection and subsequent destruction of pests is still
widely practiced in areas where labor is inexpensive and
abundant.
> The use of with mechanical implements for weeding is
increasing
> The protection of high-value or small-area crops by fencing or
screening is a common practice.
E. Regulatory Control
> Pest problems are often induced by human activities.
> The spread of pests is frequently caused by the movement of
commodities or equipment contaminated with pest, animals or
pathogens.
> Quarantine laws and other regulations have been promulgated
in

many countries to overcome this problem.

F. Chemical Control Measures

Pesticides are important control measures for a wide variety of
pests because :
- they are convenient to use
- are generally economical
- provide quick control
- are able to reduce pest populations to extremely low levels.
- when properly used in conjunction with other control measures,
pesticides can also be an important component in integrated
pest management programs.
- however, pesticides also have the potential
. to harm humans, livestock and wildlife,
. pollute the environment, and
. destroy beneficial organisms, and
. growing concern about the increasing resistance
of pest to pesticides.

General Modes of Action of Pesticides

(a) Insecticides
Stomach poisons are usually eaten by the pest and absorbed into the
body through the digestive tract.
Contact poisons enter an insects body as a result of contact with
treated surface such as plant foliage.
Systemic poisons are absorbed by the plant through the leaves, stems,
fruit or roots and move through the plants vascular
system to other parts of the plant. Insects acquire
these poisons by feeding upon the treated plant.
Physical poisons may kill insects by suffocating them (e.g. dusts) or by
disrupting the cuticle (e.g. petroleum oils) thus killing
the insect by desiccation.

(b) Fungicides
Eradicants are applied to destroy diseases already established on
plants
Protectants are applied to the plant prior to infection to prevent the
establishment or development of diseases.
(c) Herbicides
Contact herbicides kill that part of the plant to which they come into
direct contact.
Systemic herbicides are absorbed by the plants leaves or roots and
translocated within the plant to other tissues.
(d) Rodenticides
Acute poisons are highly toxic to rodents and after ingestion, rapidly kill
them.
Chronic poisons are anticoagulants, which cause rodents to die of
widespread bleeding after they have consumed the
materials continuously over three to ten days.

TYPES OF PESTICIDE APPLICATION

(A)Curative applications refer to the use of broad-spectrum pesticides to
quickly remove or minimize pest populations.
(B)Protectant applications pesticides are applied before the predicted
infestation or attack of the pest.
(C) Prophylactic programs pesticides are continuously applied throughout
the crop growth stages to prevent the
expansion of pests.
(A) Economic threshold programs new methods use in integrated pest
management programs. Pesticides are
applied only when pest populations
reached the economic threshold.

TYPES OF PESTICIDES FORMULATIONS

(a) Dry Formulations these are usually applied undiluted and include dusts,
granules and wettable powders that are mixed with a liquid before
application.
Dusts the technical material is mixed with a carrier such as finely
ground clay, talc or volcanic ash. Dust requires no additional mixing and can
be applied directly to the plant.
Granules the technical material is mixed with dry particles of clay or
sand which are larger than those used in a dust formulation.
Wettable Powders are easy to carry, store, measure and mix and
are effectively used to treat foliage.
(b) Liquid Formulations the main type of liquid formulation is the
emulsifiable concentrate, which must be diluted, usually with water, before
application.
Emusifiable Concentrates (EC)
Flowable Formulations

Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC) these consist of technical

material, organic solvent, emulsifier,
spreaders, and stickers.
. The organic solvent dissolves the pesticides, while the emulsifier
allows the pesticide to be mixed with water.
. Spreaders and stickers are added to enable the product to cover the
target area more effectively.
. Liquid formulations are easy to transport and store,
. Require little agitation in the tank to keep them mixed and are
effective for treating foliage.

Flowable Formulations flowables are a special type of liquid formulation

containing finely ground solid particles of pesticides
suspended in a liquid.

(c) Seed Treatments are similar to wettable powders, however the

powder particles carrying the pesticides in seed
treatments are more finely ground. Thus, a relatively
thick coating adheres to the seed.
(d) Plant Drenches In this treatment process, the roots of seedling plants
or rooted cuttings are soaked for several hours in a
slurry or strong solution of systemic pesticide until the
pesticide is absorbed and spread throughout the
plant.
(e) Poisonous Bait - this formulation consists of a pesticide mixed with
regular food which when eaten by pests, causes
their
death. Baits are commonly used to control pests such

G. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a pest management system which
utilizes all suitable methods and techniques in as compatible a
manner
as possible to maintain the pest population at a level below
that causing economically unacceptable damage or loss.
1. IPM Concept and Practices
@Effective pest management involves maintaining the quantity and
quality
of production in a cost-effective manner.
@An integrated approach combining combining, where appropriate, the
use of resistant varieties, biological control techniques and modified
cultural practices, together with the judicious use of chemicals, can offer
long-term control and reduced environmental risks.
@An integrated approach increases the benefits and decreases the costs
of the control measures.
@Resistance to pesticides, particularly in insect pests and plant
pathogens, is a serious constraint on the continued use of chemical
control measures.

2. Economic Threshold levels Concepts and Applications

@ The economic result achieved by the pesticides application is
dependent upon the state of the pest population against which it is
applied. The acceptable standard for maximizing economic returns of
pesticides use is known as the economic threshold.
3. Selective Use of Pesticide in IPM Programs
(a) Selective toxicity. Whenever possible, pesticides selected should be more
toxic to target pest species than to beneficial species.
(b) Ecological selectivity. Pesticide applications should coincide with the most
susceptible stage of pest development and with periods when the
beneficial species is least numerous.
(c) Formulation and application selectivity. Certain formulation may be less
toxic to humans and beneficial species and some application techniques,
such as seed treatment and root drenches, are more selective in
delivering pesticides to limited areas.
(d) Selective dosage. Select low dose rates that will kill some of the target
pests and allow useful species to survive.

4. Implementation of the IPM Concept

@Large-scale implementation of IPM at the farm level is limited
among both the developed and developing countries.
@ IPM research on control tactics, crop losses, sampling and
monitoring, and economic threshold levels has been conducted on
rice and certain other major crops.
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH HAZARDS
A. Toxicity and Persistence of Pesticides
B. Effects on Agro-ecosystem
C. Risks Associated with Certain Cropping System
D. Effects on Wildlife and Livestock
E. Effects on Non-target Organisms
F. Residues in Food
G. Resistance to Pesticides
H. Effects on Health and Safety

Thank
you ! !