Pollution Control in Fertilizer and Petroleum

POLLUTION CONTROL
IN FERTILIZER
AND PETROLEUM
INTODUCTION
FERTILIZER
A fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin that

is applied to soils or to plant tissues (usually leaves) to supply
one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.
PETROLEUM
The word Petroleum has a Latin origin in which petra means

"rock" oleum means "oil". It is a naturally occurring, yellow-toblack liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's
surface, which is commonly refined into various types of fuels
SOURCES OF FERTILIZER POLLUTION

Fertilizer pollution is a non point source pollution that is
the why it is hard to regulate and reduce.
Main Sources:
Fertilizer Factories
Private Lawns
Agricultural fields
Golf Courses
NUTRIENTS IN FERTILIZERS
They Contain the following nutrients
1.Nitrogen Major pollutant
2.Phosphorus Major pollutant
3.Potassium Minor pollutant
EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER POLLUTION

Nitrogen is highly soluble in water and thus can
contaminate groundwater.
High levels of Nitrogen in water is a poison for humans.
Certain forms of Nitrogen are released as gases which
cause acid rain.
The fertilizers that gets mixed with water bodies
increases the population of algae. They would cover the
surface of water which does not allow sunlight thereby
reducing the ability to do photosynthesis and produce
less oxygen
For e.g.:- Gulf of Mexico
Noxious Substances from Fertilizer

Industry
Control measures
Fertilizers should not be used near a body of water as rainfall

will eventually wash it into rivers, lakes and Streams.
Use fertilizers sparingly. When use is necessary, use these
chemicals in the recommended amounts. Read the label.
More application does not mean a greener lawn - it means
more watering and mowing.
Water the lawn with about 1/4-inch to 1/2-inch of water after a
fertilizer application. This helps move the fertilizer into the soil
and reduces the potential of being lost in storm water runoff.
Never apply fertilizers if a heavy rain is anticipated.
If you spill fertilizers, sweep them up, do not hose or sweep
them into the streets and storm drains.
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION FROM PETROLEUM :

The exhaust of railway engines generators, pumps automobiles,
compressors etc.
Pungent fumes, odours and dust from cementing units.
Evaporation of crude oil from oil pits in the form of vapours during
production testing .
Oxidation of various pollutants .
Depletion of the natural resources & decrease in forest areas
disturbing the eco system.
Discharge of associated low pressure natural gas to the atmosphere.
Increase in surrounding temp. due to flare.
Glare effect of flare which adversely effect the nearby vegetation.
Classification of Pollutants:
Pollutants or contaminants generated due to various

operational & developmental activities may be
classified as:
1. Primary Pollutants : These are emitted on a
consequence of a process. These exist in air in
the same form as it was discharged. E.g. the
exhaust of oxides of nitrogen from a car.
2. Secondary Pollutants: They are formed as
products of some reactions, generally, the
existing pollutants react with some other some
substance in the atmosphere. e.g. smog formed
when oxides of nitrogen combine with HCs in the
Primary Pollutants : This can be categorized:

(A)
PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS ----- Fine

particles suspended in air or gas and
(B) GASEOUS POLLUTANTS ----such as

Sulphur, nitrogen, carbon and halogen
containing compounds.
PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS: This refers to fine

particles that are more than 0.01 micron in size.
These can be fine droplets of liquids as in fogs
and mists or solid particles like soot or those
suspended in smoke.
Particulate Pollutant Category
TYPE
DESCRIPTION
Aerosols Particles dispersed in gases , < 0.01 m
Dusts
Solid particle , >1 m
Fog
Dispersion of fine water/ ice in air or gas visible

to eye
Solid particles formed by condensation from
volatile state , <1m
Fume
Haze
Combination of water droplets, pollutant gas

and /or dust, <1 m

TYPE
Smog
Smoke
DESCRIPTION
Combination of smoke and fog
Fine gas borne particles as a result
of incomplete combustion of fuels,
> m
Soot
Particles of carbon or HCs formed

during incomplete combustion of
fuels, usually, liquid.

The sources of these Particulate pollutants
include:
1. Natural Sources: Winds, Drought, Storm,
Forest Fires etc.
2. Industrial /Anthropogenic sources:
Industries, Incineration, Vehicle exhausts etc.
3. Household Sources
4. Agricultural Sources
(B) GASEOUS POLLUTANTS:

Gaseous pollutants such as SOx, Nox,
mercury or organic vapour are miscible with air
in all proportions. They are generated during
combustion and other industrial process.
SECONDARY POLLUTANTS:
As a result of chemical reactions between
volatile organic compounds ( emitted from
vehicles, industries) and oxides of nitrogen
( generated through transportation & industrial
sources), a principal component of smog is
formed.
e.g. 1. Oxidation of NO to NO2
2. Oxidation of Hydrocarbon
3. Formation of Ozone
The principal pollutants from air emission

sources are :
1. Nitrogen Oxides
2. Sulfur Oxides
3. Carbon monoxide, CO2 & Particulate
4. Additional Pollutants-------- Hydrogen Sulfide
--- Volatile Organic Compounds.
--- methane & ethane
--- Benzene
--- Toluene etc.
Harmful Effects of Air Pollution:
Polluted air can cause:

1. sickness or death that lead to human &
economic losses.
2. Reduce visibility
3. Cause unpleasant odors ( like from
sulfur compounds).
4. Can damage agricultural crops, plants,
livestock ( Fluorine and arsenic settle on
or react with animal fodder). Consuming
such fodder result into loss of strength,
weight and death.
The toxicity of Nitrogen dioxide is considerably

less than that of Sulphur di oxide. Most people
first notice eye and nasal irritation at about 13
ppm.
Almost all NOx emissions are in the form of NO,
which has no, known adverse health effects in
the concentrations found in the atmosphere,
which in turn may give rise to secondary
pollutants, which are injurious. NO2 may also
lead to formation of HNO3, which is washed out
of the atmosphere as acid rain.
Most of the CO emissions are from

transportation sector. Peek concentrations
occur at street level in busy urban centers
particularly when there is no atmospheric
mixing as it happens during winter season.
Carbon monoxide is not an odorous or
irritating gas, but,
combines with the
hemoglobin of the blood and reduces its
oxygen carrying capacity.
Most people experience dizziness, headache,
etc. after 1 or 2 hrs. exposure to 100 ppm of
CO.

Lead released from motor vehicle exhaust may
affect human populations by direct inhalations ,
in which case people living nearest to highways
are at greatest risk.
Lead can be ingested also after it is deposited
on the foodstuffs. it may cause behavioral
changes, learning disabilities and permanent
brain damage.
AUTOMOBILES:
In urban areas automobiles form a significant
source of a number of air pollutants namely
particulates, hydrocarbon and lead.
Non- uniform oxygen supply within the
combustion chamber and lower flame
temperature leads to incomplete combustion
releasing CO, HC and unburnt particles in the
exhaust.
Precautionary Measures to check Air Pollution

Problems
1. By Using Absorbers
2. Application of Vapour Recovery System
3. Standardization of the height of the flare stacks.
4. By introduction of diluters
5. Air regulation control during the combustion of natural
gas
6. Pre burning treatment to the various effluents before
discharging to atmosphere.
7. Replacement of the damages of greenery near
installations, work centers etc.
8. Control of flare light by virtue of which majority of
birds & insects have been migrated.
9. Good design of equipment.
THANK YOU

Pollution Control in Fertilizer and Petroleum

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POLLUTION CONTROL

A fertilizer is any material of natural or synthetic origin that

The word Petroleum has a Latin origin in which petra means

SOURCES OF FERTILIZER POLLUTION

EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER POLLUTION

Noxious Substances from Fertilizer

Fertilizers should not be used near a body of water as rainfall

SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION FROM PETROLEUM :

Pollutants or contaminants generated due to various

Primary Pollutants : This can be categorized:

PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS ----- Fine

(B) GASEOUS POLLUTANTS ----such as

PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS: This refers to fine

Solid particle , >1 m

Dispersion of fine water/ ice in air or gas visible

Combination of water droplets, pollutant gas

Particulate Pollutant Category

Particles of carbon or HCs formed

Particulate Pollutant Category

(B) GASEOUS POLLUTANTS:

The principal pollutants from air emission

Harmful Effects of Air Pollution:

Polluted air can cause:

Harmful Effects of Air Pollution:

The toxicity of Nitrogen dioxide is considerably

Harmful Effects of Air Pollution:

Most of the CO emissions are from

Harmful Effects of Air Pollution:

Precautionary Measures to check Air Pollution

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