04 Java

Chapter 4: Loops
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6
while Loop Flow Chart

while (loop-continuation-condition) {
// loop-body;
int count = 0;
while (count < 100) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
Statement(s);
count++;
}
count = 0;
Loop
Continuation
Condition?
true
Statement(s)
(loop body)
(A)
false
(count < 100)?
false
true
count++;
(B)
animation
Trace while Loop
int count = 0;
Initialize count
while (count < 2) {

count++;
}
animation
Trace while Loop, cont.
int count = 0;
(count < 2) is true
while (count < 2) {

count++;
}
animation
int count = 0;
Print Welcome to Java
while (count < 2) {

count++;
}
animation
int count = 0;
Increase count by 1
count is 1 now
while (count < 2) {

count++;
}
animation
int count = 0;
(count < 2) is still true since

count is 1
while (count < 2) {

count++;
}
animation
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {

count++;
}
animation
int count = 0;
Increase count by 1
count is 2 now
while (count < 2) {

count++;
}
animation
int count = 0;
(count < 2) is false since count is

2 now
while (count < 2) {

count++;
}
10
animation
Trace while Loop
int count = 0;
The loop exits. Execute the next

statement after the loop.
while (count < 2) {

count++;
}
11
Caution
Dont use floating-point values for
equality checking in a loop control.
Since floating-point values are
approximations, using them could
result in imprecise counter values and
inaccurate results. This example uses
int value for data. If a floating-point
type value is used for data, (data != 0)
may be true even though data is 0.
12
do-while Loop
Statement(s)
(loop body)
true
do {
// Loop body;
Loop
Continuation
Condition?
false
Statement(s);
} while (loop-continuation-condition);
13
for Loops
for (initial-action; loopcontinuation-condition;
action-after-each-iteration) {
// loop body;
Statement(s);
}
Initial-Action
Loop
Continuation
Condition?
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++)
{
System.out.println(
"Welcome to Java!");
}
i=0
false
(i < 100)?
true
Statement(s)
(loop body)
true
System.out.println(
"Welcome to Java");
Action-After-Each-Iteration
i++
(A)
(B)
false
14
animation
Trace for Loop
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println(
}
Declare i
15
animation
Trace for Loop, cont.
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println(
}
Execute initializer
i is now 0
16
animation
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!");
}
(i < 2) is true
since i is 0
17
animation

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
}
18
animation
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
}
Execute adjustment statement

i now is 1
19
animation
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
}
(i < 2) is still true

since i is 1
20
animation

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
}
21
animation
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
}
Execute adjustment statement

i now is 2
22
animation
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
}
(i < 2) is false
since i is 2
23
animation
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
}
Exit the loop. Execute the next

statement after the loop
24
Note
The initial-action in a for loop can be a list of zero or more
comma-separated expressions. The action-after-eachiteration in a for loop can be a list of zero or more commaseparated statements. Therefore, the following two for
loops are correct. They are rarely used in practice,
however.
for (int i = 1; i < 100; System.out.println(i++));
for (int i = 0, j = 0; (i + j < 10); i++, j++) {

// Do something
}
25
Note
If the loop-continuation-condition in a for loop is omitted,
it is implicitly true. Thus the statement given below in (a),
which is an infinite loop, is correct. Nevertheless, it is
better to use the equivalent loop in (b) to avoid confusion:
for ( ; ; ) {
// Do something
}
(a)
Equivalent
while (true) {
// Do something
}
(b)
26
Which Loop to Use?

The three forms of loop statements, while, do-while, and for, are
expressively equivalent; that is, you can write a loop in any of these
three forms. For example, a while loop in (a) in the following figure
can always be converted into the following for loop in (b):
// Loop body
}
Equivalent
for ( ; loop-continuation-condition; )
// Loop body
}
(a)
(b)
A for loop in (a) in the following figure can generally be converted into the
following while loop in (b):
for (initial-action;
loop-continuation-condition;
action-after-each-iteration) {
// Loop body;
}
(a)
Equivalent
initial-action;
// Loop body;
action-after-each-iteration;
}
(b)
27
Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of the for clause before
the loop body is a common mistake, as shown below:
Logic
Error
for (int i=0; i<10; i++);

{
System.out.println("i is " + i);
}
28
Caution, cont.
Similarly, the following loop is also wrong:
int i=0;
while (i < 10); Logic Error
{
i++;
}
In the case of the do loop, the following

semicolon is needed to end the loop.
int i=0;
do {
i++;
Correct
} while (i<10);
29
Using break and

continue
break
immediately ends the innermost

loop that contains it.
continue
only ends the current interation.
These
keywords are generally used with

an if statement.
30
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++){

if(i == 3)
continue;
System.out.println("Welcome");
}
31
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++){

if(i == 3)
break;
System.out.println("Welcome");
}
32

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Chapter 4: Loops

while Loop Flow Chart

(count < 100)?

Trace while Loop

while (count < 2) {

Trace while Loop, cont.

(count < 2) is true

while (count < 2) {

Trace while Loop, cont.

Print Welcome to Java

while (count < 2) {

Trace while Loop, cont.

while (count < 2) {

Trace while Loop, cont.

(count < 2) is still true since

while (count < 2) {

Trace while Loop, cont.

Print Welcome to Java

while (count < 2) {

Trace while Loop, cont.

while (count < 2) {

Trace while Loop, cont.

(count < 2) is false since count is

while (count < 2) {

Trace while Loop

The loop exits. Execute the next

while (count < 2) {

Trace for Loop

Trace for Loop, cont.

Trace for Loop, cont.

Trace for Loop, cont.

Trace for Loop, cont.

Execute adjustment statement

Trace for Loop, cont.

(i < 2) is still true

Trace for Loop, cont.

Trace for Loop, cont.

Execute adjustment statement

Trace for Loop, cont.

Trace for Loop, cont.

Exit the loop. Execute the next

for (int i = 0, j = 0; (i + j < 10); i++, j++) {

Which Loop to Use?

for (int i=0; i<10; i++);

In the case of the do loop, the following

Using break and

immediately ends the innermost

only ends the current interation.

keywords are generally used with

for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++){

for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++){

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