Yusron Sugiarto, STP, MP, MSC

DNA
YUSRON SUGIARTO, STP, MP, MSc
STRUCTURE OF DNA
DNA REPLICATION
The Structure of DNA
The Structure of DNA
DNA is wrapped tightly around

histones and coiled tightly to form
chromosomes
DNA
DNA is often called
the blueprint of
life.
In simple terms,
DNA contains the
instructions for
making proteins
DNA by the numbers

Each cell has about 2 m
of DNA.
The average human has
75 trillion cells.
The average human has
enough DNA to go from
the earth to the sun
more than 400 times.
DNA has a diameter of
only 0.000000002 m.
The earth is 150 billion m

or 93 million miles from
the sun.
Why do we study DNA?

We study DNA for many
reasons, e.g.,
its central importance
to all life on Earth,
medical benefits such
as cures for diseases,
better food crops.
Chromosomes and DNA

Our genes are
on our
chromosomes.
Chromosomes
are made up of
a chemical
called DNA.
DNA Structure
DNA consists of two molecules that are
arranged into a ladder-like structure called a
Double Helix.
A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of
tiny subunits called Nucleotides.
Each nucleotide consists of:
1. Phosphate group
2. Pentose sugar
3. Nitrogenous base
One Strand of DNA

The backbone of
the molecule is
alternating
phosphate and
deoxyribose, a
sugar, parts.
The teeth are
nitrogenous bases.
phosphate
deoxyribose
bases
Nucleotides
Phospha
te
Pentos
e
Sugar
Nitrogeno
us
Base
Nucleotides
The phosphate and sugar form the
backbone of the DNA molecule,
whereas the bases form the rungs.
There are four types of nitrogenous

bases.
Nucleotides
A
Adenine
C
Cytosine
Thymine
G
Guanine
Nucleotides
Each base will only bond with one

other specific base.
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Form a base
pair.
Form a base
pair.
Four nitrogenous bases

DNA has four different bases:
C
Thymine T
Adenine A
Guanine G
Cytosine
Two Kinds of Bases in

DNA
N
N
Pyrimidines are O
single ring bases.
Purines are
double ring
bases.
C
N
N
C
C
N
N C
Thymine and Cytosine are

pyrimidines
Thymine and cytosine each have one
ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
N
O
N
O
C
N
thymine
cytosine
Adenine and Guanine are

purines
Adenine and guanine each have
two rings of carbon and
O
N
nitrogen atoms.
N
C
N
N
N
Adenine
C
N
Guanine
C
C
N
Two Stranded
DNA
Remember, DNA has
two strands that fit

together something
like a zipper.
The teeth are the
nitrogenous bases
but why do they
stick together?
Hydrogen Bonds
C
N
The bases attract each

other because of hydrogen
bonds.
Hydrogen bonds are weak
but there are millions and
millions of them in a
single molecule of DNA.
(The bonds between
cytosine and guanine are
shown here.)
N
C
C
C
Hydrogen Bonds, cont.

When making
hydrogen bonds,
cytosine always pairs
up with guanine,
And adenine always
pairs up with
thymine.
(Adenine and
thymine are shown
here.)
O
N
O
C C
C
C
C
N
C
N
Adenine
Important:
and
Thymine always join
together
A
T
Cytosine and
Guanine always join
together
C
G
DNA Structure
Because of this complementary base
pairing, the order of the bases in one
strand determines the order of the
bases in the other strand.
C
A
G
T
G
T
C
A
DNA Structure
To crack the genetic code found in
DNA we need to look at the sequence
of bases.
The bases are arranged in triplets
called codons.
AGG-CTC-AAG-TCC-TAG
TCC-GAG-TTC-AGG-ATC
DNA Structure
A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein.
Each unique gene has a unique sequence of bases.
This unique sequence of bases will code for the
production of a unique protein.
It is these proteins and combination of proteins that
give us a unique phenotype.
STRUCTURE OF DNA
DNA REPLICATION
DNA
DNA Replication
DNA must be copied
The DNA molecule
produces 2 IDENTICAL
new complementary
strands following the rules
of base pairing:
A-T, G-C
Each strand of the
original DNA
serves as a
template for the
new strand
DNA Replication
Complementary base pairs form new strands.
DNA Replication
DNA
Replication
Semiconservative
Model:
Watson and Crick
showed: the two
strands of the
separate, and each
functions as a for
synthesis of aParental
new DNA
complementary strand.
DNA Template
New DNA
DNA Replication Models
Replication fork
lagging strand
Leading strand
Replication fork
DNA
1. Why is replication
necessary?
2. When does replication
occur?
3. Describe how replication
works.
4. Use the complementary rule
A---?
G---?
C---?
T---?
A---?
G---?
A---?
G---?
C---?
A---?
G---?
T---?
Replication Quiz
Replication Quiz
A---T
G---C
C---G
T---A
A---T
G---C
A---T
G---C
C---G
A---T
G---C
T---A
1. Why is replication necessary?

So both new cells will have the
correct DNA
2. When does replication occur?
During interphase (S phase).
3. Describe how replication
works.
Enzymes unzip DNA and
complementary nucleotides join
each original strand.
4. Use the complementary rule to
Satu tim besar yang terdiri dari enzim dan protein

lain menjadi pelaksana replikasi DNA
Protein-protein yang berperan dalam replikasi DNA
1. Helikase: enzim yang berfungsi membuka heliks ganda di cabang

replikasi, memisahkan untai lama.
2. Protein pengikat untai tunggal: menjaga agar untai-untai tetap
terpisah selama bertindak sebagai cetakan dalam sintesis untaikomplementer
baru.
3. untai
Primase:
membentukyang
primer
Satu tim besar yang terdiri dari enzim dan protein

lain menjadi pelaksana replikasi DNA
Protein-protein yang berperan dalam replikasi DNA
4. DNA polimerase: pemanjangan untai DNA baru

5. Ligase: menggabungkan rantai DNA
Enzymology of DNA replication

DNA strand separation
Helicases: unwind double strand DNA

Single-strand DNA binding proteins (SSBs):
participate in DNA strand separation but do not
catalyze the strand separation process.
They bind to single strand DNA as soon as it
forms and coat it so that it cannot anneal to
reform a double helix.
Topoisomerases: introduce transient single or
double stranded breaks into DNA and thereby
allow it to change its form, or topology.
DNA polymerases
Three DNA polymerases (I, II, III)
DNA polymerase I (102 KD): has three different

enzymatic activities
1) DNA polymerase
2) 3-5 exonuclease activity
(proof reading to increase fidelity)
3) 5-3 exonulcease activity
(remove RNA primers or damage DNA on its
path)
3-5 exo
Pol III holoenzyme

10 subunits
Move at an extremely rapid rate (1000
nts/second)
Proof reading
Eukaryotes have multiple DNA polymerases
THANK YOU
YUSRON SUGIARTO, STP, MP, MSc

Yusron Sugiarto, STP, MP, MSC

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DNA

YUSRON SUGIARTO, STP, MP, MSc

The Structure of DNA

The Structure of DNA

DNA is wrapped tightly around

DNA by the numbers

The earth is 150 billion m

Why do we study DNA?

Chromosomes and DNA

One Strand of DNA

There are four types of nitrogenous

Each base will only bond with one

Four nitrogenous bases

Two Kinds of Bases in

Thymine and Cytosine are

Adenine and Guanine are

two strands that fit

The bases attract each

Hydrogen Bonds, cont.

DNA Replication Models

1. Why is replication necessary?

Satu tim besar yang terdiri dari enzim dan protein

Protein-protein yang berperan dalam replikasi DNA

1. Helikase: enzim yang berfungsi membuka heliks ganda di cabang

Satu tim besar yang terdiri dari enzim dan protein

Protein-protein yang berperan dalam replikasi DNA

4. DNA polimerase: pemanjangan untai DNA baru

Enzymology of DNA replication

Helicases: unwind double strand DNA

Three DNA polymerases (I, II, III)

DNA polymerase I (102 KD): has three different

Pol III holoenzyme

Eukaryotes have multiple DNA polymerases

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