Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 667 views

    10 Famous Systems

    Uploaded by

    manisha9735
    The document discusses several famous early expert systems, including: 1) DENDRAL (1960s), the first expert system for identifying molecular structures from mass spectrometry data. It used production rules implemented in Lisp. 2) HEARSAY I and II (late 1960s), pioneering systems for speech recognition using a "blackboard" architecture with multiple knowledge sources. 3) MYCIN (mid 1970s), an influential medical diagnosis system that made acceptable diagnoses better than human experts using rule-based reasoning. 4) XCON (late 1970s), used production rules to configure computer hardware for DEC and saved the company $25 million per year through its expertise. It demonstrated the commercial viability of expert

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    10 Famous Systems

    Uploaded by

    manisha9735
    667 views32 pages
    The document discusses several famous early expert systems, including: 1) DENDRAL (1960s), the first expert system for identifying molecular structures from mass spectrometry data. It used production rules implemented in Lisp. 2) HEARSAY I and II (late 1960s), pioneering systems for speech recognition using a "blackboard" architecture with multiple knowledge sources. 3) MYCIN (mid 1970s), an influential medical diagnosis system that made acceptable diagnoses better than human experts using rule-based reasoning. 4) XCON (late 1970s), used production rules to configure computer hardware for DEC and saved the company $25 million per year through its expertise. It demonstrated the commercial viability of expert

    Original Description:

    expert systems

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses several famous early expert systems, including: 1) DENDRAL (1960s), the first expert system for identifying molecular structures from mass spectrometry data. It used production rules implemented in Lisp. 2) HEARSAY I and II (late 1960s), pioneering systems for speech recognition using a "blackboard" architecture with multiple knowledge sources. 3) MYCIN (mid 1970s), an influential medical diagnosis system that made acceptable diagnoses better than human experts using rule-based reasoning. 4) XCON (late 1970s), used production rules to configure computer hardware for DEC and saved the company $25 million per year through its expertise. It demonstrated the commercial viability of expert

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    667 views32 pages

    10 Famous Systems

    Uploaded by

    manisha9735
    The document discusses several famous early expert systems, including: 1) DENDRAL (1960s), the first expert system for identifying molecular structures from mass spectrometry data. It used production rules implemented in Lisp. 2) HEARSAY I and II (late 1960s), pioneering systems for speech recognition using a "blackboard" architecture with multiple knowledge sources. 3) MYCIN (mid 1970s), an influential medical diagnosis system that made acceptable diagnoses better than human experts using rule-based reasoning. 4) XCON (late 1970s), used production rules to configure computer hardware for DEC and saved the company $25 million per year through its expertise. It demonstrated the commercial viability of expert

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 32

    Famous Expert Systems

    Before expert systems ("in the beginning...")


    Detailed Operation Procedures (DOP's): used by aeronautics industry and
    NASA, they are expert knowledge codified in written form.
    - Not implemented on a computer. However, using a DOP is like manually
    following an algorithm by hand
    (ignizio p.49)

    Heuristic programming: use heuristics to solve large, complex


    computational problems (early 1960's)
    - Controversy whether expert systems are just examples of heuristic
    programming

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    1. DENDRAL
    First expert system
    Project began at Stanford in mid 1960's, and is still being used.
    Domain: Organic chemistry - mass spectrometry
    Task: identify molecular structure of unknown compounds
    from mass spectra data
    Input: Histogram giving mass number/intensity pairs
    Output: Description of structure of the compound
    Architecture: plan-generate-test with constrained heuristic search
    Tools: production rules implemented in Lisp
    Results: "Discovery" of knowledge engineering.
    Many published results.

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    DENDRAL

    Winston

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    DENDRAL

    Winston

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    DENDRAL

    Winston p. 200

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    DENDRAL
    Procedure:
    1. Spectra data given as input
    2. Preliminary analysis determines
    - necessary compounds -- spectra data
    - forbidden compounds -- spectra data, expert knowledge
    3. Generate and test:

    a) structure enumerator: can generate all possible compounds


    - Takes necessary and forbidden lists, and creates a new possible
    compound
    - output is formula
    b) spectra synthesizer: generates spectra data for this compound
    c) matcher - matches synthesized spectra with actual one
    - compound with best fit is the one

    B. Ross

    Note: all compounds checked. Complexity reduced because of the


    pruning done in step 2
    Cosc 4f79
    6

    DENDRAL
    Example rule for analyzer:

    Winston 201

    Matcher is involved: needs expert knowledge in knowing when some


    peaks are more important than others

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    2. MACSYMA
    Developed at MIT since 1968 onwards
    Domain: high-performance symbolic math (algebra, calculus,
    differential equations,...)
    Task: carry out complex mathematical derivations
    Input: formulae and commands (interactive)
    Output: Solutions to tough problems
    Method: Brute force (expert techniques are encoded as algorithm)
    Architecture: programmed in Lisp (300,000 lines of code)
    Results: Widely used, powerful system.
    Newest version: Maxima
    - Free! Open source.
    - works on Windows, linux, MacOS
    - maxima.sourceforge.net
    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    MACSYMA

    p.136-7 Harmon

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    3. Hearsay I and II
    Developed at Carnegie-Mellon in late 1960's
    Domain: speech understanding for simple database query
    Task: Using specific vocabulary and grammar criteria, generate
    correct speech recognition
    Input: Speech wave
    Output: Ordered list of hypotheses of what was said, plus database query
    based on best guess
    Architecture: Opportunistic, agenda-based reasoning, using "blackboard"
    to record hypotheses from multiple independent knowledge sources
    (Definition: Blackboard: common working memory for independent systems)
    Tools: Programmed in SAIL

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    10

    HEARSAY
    Results:
    - proved feasibility of automated speech recognition
    - pioneering effort in system architecture techniques
    - blackboard for multiple knowledge sources
    - power of symbolic computation over purely statistical ones
    - Spawned other expert system projects.

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    11

    HEARSAY

    Harmon 138

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    12

    HEARSAY

    Harmon 139

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    13

    4. INTERNIST/CADUCEUS
    Developed at U of Pittsburgh in early 1970's thru mid 80s
    Domain: diagnostic aid for all of internal medicine
    Task: medical diagnosis given interactive input
    Input: Answers to interactive queries
    Output: ordered set of diagnoses
    Architecture: forward chaining with "scores" for diseases
    Tools: programmed in Lisp
    Results: ambitious project; inspired other systems

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    14

    INTERNIST

    p.141-144 Harmon

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    15

    INTERNIST

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    16

    5. MYCIN
    Stanford U in mid 70's
    Domain: Medical diagnosis for bacterial and meningitis infections
    Task: interview physician, make diagnosis and therapy recommendations
    Input: Answers to queries
    Output: Ordered set of diagnoses and therapies
    Architecture: rule-based exhaustive backward chaining with uncertainty
    Tools: programmed in LISP (shell called EMYCIN -- empty MYCIN)
    Results: not in general use, but was ground-breaking work in
    diagnostic consultation systems
    Made acceptable diagnoses at a rate of 69% (better than human experts!)

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    17

    MYCIN

    p.16-20 Harmon

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    18

    6. Prospector
    Developed at SRI international in late 1970's
    Domain: exploratory geology
    Task: evaluate geological sites
    Input: geological survey data
    Output: maps and site evaluations
    Architecture: rule-like semantic net with uncertainty
    Tools: programmed in LISP, and is a descendant of MYCIN
    Results: In one blind test, the program identified a previously
    undiscovered site, thus showing commercial viability of expert systems.

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    19

    PROSPECTOR

    p. 146 Harmon

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    20

    PROSPECTOR

    p. 145 Harmon

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    21

    7. PUFF
    Developed at Stanford in 1979
    Domain: Diagnosis of obstructive airway diseases using MYCIN's
    inference engine and a new knowledge base
    Task: Take data from instruments and dialog, and diagnose type and
    severity of disease
    Input: instruments, queries
    Output: Written report for physician to review and annotate
    Architecture:
    uncertainty

    rule-based, exhaustive backward chaining with

    Tools: EMYCIN (Empty MYCIN)


    Results: Reports correct 86% of the time. A 55-rule system is in
    daily use, running in Basic!

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    22

    PUFF

    p.150 Harmon

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    23

    PUFF

    p. 151 Harmon

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    24

    8. XCON (R1)
    Originally called R1, developed at Carnegie Mellon and DEC in late 70's
    Domain: configure computer hardware
    Task: configure VAX systems by projecting the need for subassemblies given
    a high-level description of the system
    Input: Vax system description
    Output: list of parts, accessories, and a plan for assembly
    Architecture: forward-chained, rule-based, with almost no backtracking
    Tools: OPS5, a production system tool
    Results: Used by DEC and performed better than previous experts (since fired)
    - by 1986, processed total of 80,000 orders with 95-98% accuracy
    - saved DEC $25 million a year

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    25

    XCON

    p. 156 Harmon

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    26

    XCON
    as of 1991, XCON has 8000 (!) production rules
    a serious problem has developed: maintenance
    has been said that XCON replaced 75 experts with 150 XCON maintainers
    shows the need for developing better maintenance systems for large
    expert systems (and other large software systems)

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    27

    Some other famous systems


    DELTA/CATS:
    - diagnose and repair diesel locomotives
    - developed in LISP, but ported to FORTRAN (a common phenomenon)
    DRILLING ADVISOR:
    - diagnose oil drilling problems
    - rule-based, exhaustive backward chaining with uncertainty, frames
    GENESIS:
    - designs molecular genetics experiments and procedures
    - was used by over 500 research scientists
    GATES:

    - airline gate assignment and tracking system


    - used by TWA at JFK airport
    - implemented in Prolog on microcomputers
    - access database for 100 daily flights, and creates gate assignment in 30 seconds
    (experts took between 10 and 15 hours, with 1 hour per modification)
    ( possible extension: lost luggage!)
    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    28

    Conclusion

    p. 170 Harmon

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    29

    A typical industrial system

    (Byte, Oct 1994) Picker International


    Problem domain:
    Picker produce sophisticated medical diagnostic machines
    needed a system for use by their service technicians
    tasks:
    intelligent service expert system: full explanation, graphical UI,
    hypertext user manual
    onsite access to main service DB of user site data
    capture site data: feedback for knowledge base improvements
    use site data to improve products, service effectiveness in future

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    30

    System

    Built with Carnegie Groups TestBuilder system


    shell system geared towards diagnostic systems
    systems are typically: hierarchical, rule-based, object-oriented
    (frames)
    multi-level explanation important
    rule-level: how, why
    deeper level: hypertext manuals (interactive, graphical)

    TestBuilder is interactive KB editor and tester


    Final system is compiled into DOS executable form
    TestView is run-time system
    Compared with general-purpose shells, this system is specialized
    inference focusses on problem right away, via menus or natural
    language input
    completeness sacrificed for efficient focus on possible problem

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    31

    Conclusions from Pickers system

    Incremental design of system


    get prototype running on initial problems
    build onto it
    Can help if Knowledge engineer has domain knowledge
    caveat: here, KE is already computer-oriented
    caveat: problem domain well-adapted to Testbuilder paradigm
    On-site capture of new data permits continual update of system
    for free
    empirical data capture and DB useful for KB, as well as products
    themselves
    integrated standalone systems (eg. laptops) very handy!
    CD ROMs also can prevent need to download data

    B. Ross Cosc 4f79

    32

    You might also like