(i) The document discusses Clairaut's equation and how to derive its general and singular solutions.
(ii) Clairaut's equation is of the form y = xp + f(p). Taking the derivative with respect to x yields two cases - one leads to the general solution, the other the singular solution.
(iii) The singular solution cannot be obtained from the general solution and instead relates x and y directly without an arbitrary constant.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
(i) The document discusses Clairaut's equation and how to derive its general and singular solutions.
(ii) Clairaut's equation is of the form y = xp + f(p). Taking the derivative with respect to x yields two cases - one leads to the general solution, the other the singular solution.
(iii) The singular solution cannot be obtained from the general solution and instead relates x and y directly without an arbitrary constant.
Original Description:
Claraut's Eqs.(Presentation)......
Good Luck....
Regards
WASEEM AKHTER
(i) The document discusses Clairaut's equation and how to derive its general and singular solutions.
(ii) Clairaut's equation is of the form y = xp + f(p). Taking the derivative with respect to x yields two cases - one leads to the general solution, the other the singular solution.
(iii) The singular solution cannot be obtained from the general solution and instead relates x and y directly without an arbitrary constant.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
(i) The document discusses Clairaut's equation and how to derive its general and singular solutions.
(ii) Clairaut's equation is of the form y = xp + f(p). Taking the derivative with respect to x yields two cases - one leads to the general solution, the other the singular solution.
(iii) The singular solution cannot be obtained from the general solution and instead relates x and y directly without an arbitrary constant.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 15
CLAIRAUT’S
EQUATION CLAIRAUT’S EQUATION The equation y = xp + f(p) ……………..(1) Is known as Clairaut’s Equation. Differentiate both sides of eq (1) w r t x, we get
dy dp df ( p ) dp = p+ x + [ ] dx dx dp dx dp df ( p ) dp ⇒ p = p+ x + [ ] dx dp dx dp df ( p ) dp ⇒x + [ ]= 0 dx dp dx df ( p ) dp ⇒ [x + ][ ] = 0 dp dx Since one of the factors must be zero, two different solutions arise
dp (i)If = 0then p = c. Put this in eq (1) and get dx the general solution y = cx + f(c) df ( p ) df ( p ) (ii) If x+ =0 then x = − and dp dp df ( p ) Eq (1) can be written as y = −p + f ( p) dp Thus x and y are both expressed as function of p and we obtain the parametric equations df ( p ) df ( p ) x=− , y = −p + f ( p ) ..(2) dp dp of a curve representing a solution of eq (1). The solution (2) is called the Singular solution. This solution is not deducible from the general solution. P may be eliminated between the two equations in (2) to get a relation in x and y involving no constant. Singular Solution In some cases there may be further solution of a DE which cannot be obtained by a definite value to arbitrary constant in general solution such solution is called singular solution e.g dy dy ( − x ) + y = 0………………..(A) dx dx has the general solution y = c(c-x) which represent a family of straight lines where each line corresponds to a definite value of c. A further 2 x solution is y = (Parabola) is the singular solution of eq (A)4 As we cannot obtain it by assigning a definite value to c in the general solution Each particular solution represent a tangent to the parabola Solve y = xp − e p ……………………..(1) dy dp p dp = p+ x −e Soln: Diff it w r t x dx dx dx dp p dp p dp ⇒ p = p+ x −e ⇒ (x − e ) =0 dx dx dx dp ( x − e ) = 0...and ... p =0 This gives dx dp = 0.. gives .. p = c dx So eq (1) becomes y = cx − e c Which is the general solution Now x − e = 0.. gives ..e = x ..also ... p = ln x p p
Put this in eq (1)
y = x ln x − x Which is singular solution Solve y = xp + a 1 + p 2 ………..(1)
Soln: Diff it w r t x dy dp 2ap dp = p+ x + dx dx 2 1 + p 2 dx dp 2ap dp ⇒ p = p+ x + dx 2 1 + p 2 dx ap dp ⇒ [x + ] =0 2 dx 1+ p This gives ap dp x+ = 0...and .. =0 1+ p 2 dx dp Now = 0.. gives .. p = c and dx Put p = c in eq (1) y = cx + a 1 + c 2
Which is the general solution. Now
ap ap x+ = 0... gives .. x = − 1+ p 2 1+ p 2 ap ⇒ 1 + p = − ..............( 2) 2
x 2 2 a p ⇒ 1+ p = 2 2
x ⇒ x + x p −a p = 0 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ x + (x − a )p = 0 2 2 2 2
2 x ⇒ 2 = −( x − a ) 2 2 ………………..(3) p Now using eq (2) in eq (1) 2 ap a p y = xp − a[ ] ⇒ y = xp − x x p 2 x x 2 − a 2 ⇒ y = (x − a ) ⇒ = 2
x p y x (x − a ) 2 2 2 2 ⇒ 2 = 2 ……………….(4) p y Comparing eq (3) and eq (4), we get
(x − a ) 2 2 2 − (x − a ) = 2 2 2 y ⇒ (x − a ) = − y 2 2 2
⇒ x + y =a 2 2 2
which is singular solution
Solve y = xp − p ……………………..(1) dy dp 1 dp = p+ x − Soln: Diff it w r t x dx dx 2 p dx dp 1 dp 1 dp p = p+ x − ⇒ (x − ) =0 dx 2 p dx 2 p dx 1 dp (x − ) = 0...and ... =0 This gives 2 p dx dp = 0.. gives .. p = c dx y = cx − c So eq (1) becomes Which is the general solution Now 1 1 (x − ) = 0... gives ... x = 2 p 2 p 1 1 Also ... x = = 0... gives ... p = 2 p 2x Put this in eq (1) x 1 1 1 y= 2 − = − 4x 2x 4x 2x 1 =− 4x Which is singular solution
