Chapter 12 Powerpoint L
Chapter 12 Powerpoint L
Chapter 12 Powerpoint L
Chapter 12
Intermolecular Forces:
12-1
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Intermolecular Forces:
Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes
12.1 An Overview of Physical States and Phase Changes
12.2 Quantitative Aspects of Phase Changes
12.3 Types of Intermolecular Forces
12.4 Properties of the Liquid State
12.5 The Uniqueness of Water
12.6 The Solid State: Structure, Properties, and Bonding
12-2
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ATTRACTIVE FORCES
electrostatic in nature
Intramolecular forces
bonding forces
nonbonding forces
12-3
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Phase Changes
exothermic
sublimination
vaporizing
melting
solid
liquid
freezing
endothermic
12-4
gas
condensing
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Table 12.1
A Macroscopic Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids
State
Gas
high
high
Liquid
very low
moderate
Solid
almost none
almost none
12-5
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Figure12.1
12-6
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Figure12.2
12-7
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Figure12.3
12-8
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12-9
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Figure12.4
12-10
Liquid-gas equilibrium.
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Figure12.5
12-11
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Figure12.6
12-12
Figure12.7
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ln P =
-Hvap 1
C
R T
P2
-Hvap 1 1
ln
=
R T2 T
P1
1
12-13
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PROBLEM:
PLAN:
SOLUTION:
P2
-Hvap 1 1
ln
=
P1
R T2 T1
760 torr
ln
115 torr
T2 = 350K = 770C
12-14
34.90C = 308.0K
1
1
T2
308K
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Figure12.8
CO2
12-15
H 2O
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Figure12.9
bond length
covalent radius
12-16
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Figure12.10
Periodic trends in covalent and van der Waals radii (in pm).
12-17
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12-18
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12-19
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Figure12.11
liquid
12-20
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hydrogen bond
acceptor
..
O
..
O
..
..
..
..
F
..
hydrogen bond
donor
hydrogen bond
acceptor
hydrogen bond
acceptor
12-21
..
..
..
F
..
hydrogen bond
donor
..
N
hydrogen bond
donor
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Figure12.12
12-22
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PLAN:
12-23
C2 H6
(b) CH3OH
(c)
CH3C NH2
SOLUTION:
(b)
H
H C O H
H
H
H O C H
H
(c)
H
O
H N CH3C CH C
3
N H
O
CH3C N H
H N
CH3C
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Figure12.13
12-24
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12-25
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Figure12.14
separated
Cl2
molecules
12-26
instantaneous
dipoles
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Figure12.15
12-27
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12-28
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PLAN:
CH3
12-29
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SOLUTION:
(a) Mg2+ and Cl- are held together by ionic bonds while PCl3 is covalently bonded
and the molecules are held together by dipole-dipole interactions. Ionic bonds
are stronger than dipole interactions and so MgCl2 has the higher boiling point.
(b) CH3NH2 and CH3F are both covalent compounds and have bonds which are
polar. The dipole in CH3NH2 can H bond while that in CH3F cannot. Therefore
CH3NH2 has the stronger interactions and the higher boiling point.
(c) Both CH3OH and CH3CH2OH can H bond but CH3CH2OH has more CH for
more dispersion force interaction. Therefore CH3CH2OH has the higher boiling
point.
(d) Hexane and 2,2-dimethylbutane are both nonpolar with only dispersion
forces to hold the molecules together. Hexane has the larger surface area,
thereby the greater dispersion forces and the higher boiling point.
12-30
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Figure 12.17
H bonded to
N, O, or F
HYDROGEN
BONDING
nonpolar
molecules only
DISPERSION
FORCES only
polar + nonpolar
molecules
DIPOLEINDUCED DIPOLE
FORCES
12-31
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Figure12.18
hydrogen bonding
occurs across the surface
and below the surface
hydrogen bonding
occurs in three
dimensions
12-32
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Table 12.3
Substance
Formula
(J/m2) at 200C
diethyl ether
CH3CH2OCH2CH3
1.7x10-2
dipole-dipole; dispersion
ethanol
CH3CH2OH
2.3x10-2
H bonding
butanol
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
2.5x10-2
H bonding; dispersion
water
H2 O
7.3x10-2
H bonding
mercury
Hg
48x10-2
metallic bonding
12-33
Major Force(s)
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Figure12.19
capillarity
stronger
cohesive forces
adhesive forces
H 2O
12-34
Hg
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Viscosity
(N*s/m2)*
20
1.00x10-3
40
0.65x10-3
60
0.47x10-3
80
0.35x10-3
12-35
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Figure12.20
12-36
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12-37
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Figure12.21
12-38
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Figure12.22
12-39
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Figure12.23
lattice point
unit
cell
unit
cell
12-40
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Figure12.24(1of3)
Simple Cubic
1/8 atom at
8 corners
12-41
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Figure12.24(2of3)
Body-centered
Cubic
1/8 atom at
8 corners
1 atom at
center
Atoms/unit cell = (1/8*8) + 1 = 2
coordination number = 8
12-42
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Figure12.24(3of3)
Face-centered
Cubic
1/8 atom at
8 corners
1/2 atom at
6 faces
coordination number = 12
12-43
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Figure12.26
Packing of spheres.
simple cubic
(52% packing efficiency)
body-centered cubic
(68% packing efficiency)
12-44
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Figure12.26(continued)
layer a
layer b
hexagonal
closest
packing
layer a
cubicclosest
packing
layer c
12-45
hexagonal
unit cell
expanded
side views
abcabc (74%)
face-centered
unit cell
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12-46
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12-47
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12-48
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PLAN:
We can use the density and molar mass to find the volume of 1 mol of
Ba. Since 68%(for a body-centered cubic) of the unit cell contains
atomic material, dividing by Avogadros number will give us the volume
of one atom of Ba. Using the volume of a sphere, the radius can be
calculated.
density of Ba (g/cm3)
radius of a Ba atom
reciprocal divided by M
volume of 1 mol Ba metal
V = 4/3r3
volume of 1 Ba atom
12-49
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3.62 g
x 0.68
137.3 g Ba
mol Ba
= 37.9 cm3/mol Ba
= 26 cm3/mol Ba atoms
mol Ba atoms
6.022x1023 atoms
= 4.3x10-23 cm3/atom
-23
3
3V
3(4.3x10
cm
) = 2.2 x 10-8cm
r =3
3
4
4 x 3.14
r = 3V/4
3
12-50
1 cm3
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12-51
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Figure12.27
12-52
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Figure12.28
12-53
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Figure12.29
12-54
Figure12.30
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Table 12.5
Particles
Atomic
Atoms
Molecular Molecules
Dispersion,
dipole-dipole,
H bonds
Physical
Behavior
Soft, very low mp, poor
thermal & electrical
conductors
Fairly soft, low to moderate
mp, poor thermal &
electrical conductors
Ionic
Metallic
Atoms
Metallic bond
Network
Atoms
12-55
Examples (mp,0C)
Group 8A(18)
[Ne-249 to Rn-71]
Nonpolar - O2[-219],
C4H10[-138], Cl2
[-101], C6H14[-95]
Polar - SO2[-73],
CHCl3[-64], HNO3[42], H2O[0.0]
NaCl [801]
CaF2 [1423]
MgO [2852]
Na [97.8]
Zn [420]
Fe [1535]
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Figure12.31
expanded view
12-56
space-filling
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Figure12.32
12-57
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12-58
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12-59
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Figure12.35
12-60
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Figure12.36
conductor
insulator
semiconductor
12-61
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Figure 12.37
12-62