SIGNAL PROCESSING

WITH MATLAB
Presented by:
Dr. Ramesh Babu. N
SELECT
VIT University, Vellore

What is signal Processing?

The scope of signal processing has grown so broad as to
obviate a perfect and precise definition of what is entailed
in it[1].
Traditionally, signal processing includes the materials
thought in DSP courses but now signal processing has
greater reach because of its influence on related
disciplines such as controls, communications theory and
also digital communication.
Thus, signal processing can be defined as that area of
applied mathematics that deals with operations on or
analysis of signals, in either discrete or continuous time,
to perform useful operations on those signals[1].

What is Signal Processing Toolbox?

The Signal Processing Toolbox is a
collection of tools built on the MATLAB
numeric computing environment. The
toolbox supports a wide range of signal
processing operations, from waveform
generation to filter design and
implementation, parametric modeling, and
spectral analysis. The toolbox provides
two categories of tools.

Command line functions

in the following categories:

Analog and digital filter analysis

Digital filter implementation
FIR and IIR digital filter design
Analog filter design
Filter discretization
Spectral Windows Transforms
Statistical signal processing and spectral analysis
Parametric modeling
Linear Prediction
Waveform generation

A suite of interactive graphical user

interfaces (GUI)for

Filter design and analysis

Window design and analysis
Signal plotting and analysis
Spectral analysis

Filtering signals

Signal Processing Basics

Common Sequences
Since MATLAB is a programming language, an endless variety of
different signals is possible. Here are some statements that generate
several commonly used sequences, including the unit impulse, unit
step, and unit ramp functions:
t = (0:0.01:1);
y = ones(101);
y = [1; zeros(100,1)];
y=t ;
y = t.^2;
y = square(2*pi*4*t);

% step
% impulse
% ramp
% exponential
% generates a square wave every 0.25secs.

Waveform generation
y = sin(2*pi*50*t) + 2*sin(2*pi*120*t); %two sinusoids,
%one at 50 Hz
%and one at
%120Hz with
%twice the amplitude
plot(t,y)
plot(t(1:50),y(1:50))

%plot y versus time

%display only the first
%50 points(zoom!)

Filter Implementation and Analysis

Convolution and Filtering
The mathematical foundation of filtering is convolution. The
MATLAB conv function performs standard one-dimensional
convolution, convolving one vector with another

A digital filter's output y(k) is related to its input x(k) by

convolution with its impulse response h(k).

Cont.

x = [1 2 1];
h = [1 1 1];
y = conv(h,x);
stem(y)

Filters and Transfer Functions

In general, the z-transform Y(z) of a digital filter's output y(n) is
related to the z-transform X(z) of the input by

H(z)
where H(z) is the filter's transfer function. Here, the constants
b(i) and a(i) are the filter coefficients and the order of the filter is
the maximum of n and m.

Cont.
For example let;

1
H ( z)
1
1 0.9 z

step = ones(50);
%input data : step function
b = 1;
% Numerator
a = [1 -0.9]; % Denominator
where the vectors b and a represent the coefficients of a filter in transfer
function form. To apply this filter to your data, use
y = filter(b,a,step);
stem(y)
Filter Visualization Tool
fvtool(b,a) %GUI.Dont have to define input (if input is
%step/impulse function)%

Filter Design and

Implementation
Filter design is the process of creating the filter
coefficients to meet specific filtering requirements. Filter
implementation involves choosing and applying a
particular filter structure to those coefficients.
Only after both design and implementation have been
performed can data be filtered.

Filter Coefficients and Filter Names

In general, the z-transform Y(z) of a digital filter's output y(n) is related to
the z-transform X(z) of the input by

Many standard names for filters reflect the number of a and b coefficients
present:
When n = 0 (that is, b is a scalar), the filter is an Infinite Impulse
Response (IIR), all-pole, recursive, or autoregressive (AR) filter.
When m = 0 (that is, a is a scalar), the filter is a Finite Impulse
Response (FIR), all-zero, nonrecursive, or moving-average (MA)
filter.
If both n and m are greater than zero, the filter is an IIR, pole-zero,
recursive, or autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) filter.

IIR Filter Design

The primary advantage of IIR filters over FIR filters is that they
typically meet a given set of specifications with a much lower filter
order than a corresponding FIR filter

Complete Classical IIR Filter Design

Filter Type

Design Function

Bessel (analog only)

[b,a] = besself(n,Wn,options)
[z,p,k] = besself(n,Wn,options)
[A,B,C,D] = besself(n,Wn,options)

Butterworth

[b,a] = butter(n,Wn,options)
[z,p,k] = butter(n,Wn,options)
[A,B,C,D] = butter(n,Wn,options)

Chebyshev Type I

[b,a] = cheby1(n,Rp,Wn,options)
[z,p,k] = cheby1(n,Rp,Wn,options)
[A,B,C,D] = cheby1(n,Rp,Wn,options)

Chebyshev Type II

[b,a] = cheby2(n,Rs,Wn,options)
[z,p,k] = cheby2(n,Rs,Wn,options)
[A,B,C,D] = cheby2(n,Rs,Wn,options)

Elliptic

[b,a] = ellip(n,Rp,Rs,Wn,options)
[z,p,k] = ellip(n,Rp,Rs,Wn,options)
[A,B,C,D] = ellip(n,Rp,Rs,Wn,options)

Cont
Example 1:
For data sampled at 1000 Hz, design a 9th-order highpass
Butterworth IIR filter with cutoff frequency of 300 Hz,

Solution:
9th order IIR filter

Specifies cut off freq., normalised to half sampling

freq. (Nyquist Theorem)

[b,a] = butter(9,300/500,'high');
freqz(b,a,128,1000)

Highpass
filter

Cont.
Example 2:
For data sampled at 1000 Hz, design a 9th-order lowpass
Chebyshev Type I filter with 0.5 dB of ripple in the
passband and a cutoff frequency of 300 Hz, which
corresponds to a normalized value of 0.6:

Solution
[b,a] = cheby1(9,0.5,300/500);
freqz(b,a,512,1000)%The frequency response of the filter

FIR Filter Design

Digital filters with finite-duration impulse response (all-zero, or FIR
filters) have both advantages and disadvantages compared to infiniteduration impulse response (IIR) filters.

FIR filters have the following primary advantages:

They can have exactly linear phase.
They are always stable.
The design methods are generally linear.
They can be realized efficiently in hardware.
The filter startup transients have finite duration.
The primary disadvantage of FIR filters is that they often require a much
higher filter order than IIR filters to achieve a given level of
performance. Correspondingly, the delay of these filters is often much
greater than for an equal performance IIR filter.

Method

Description

Function
s

Windowing

Apply window to truncated inverse

Fourier transform of desired "brick wall"
filter

fir1, fir2,
kaiserord

Multiband with
Transition
Bands

Equiripple or least squares approach over

sub-bands of the frequency range

firls,
remez,
remezord

Constrained
Least Squares

Minimize squared integral error over

entire frequency range subject to
maximum error constraints

fircls,
fircls1

Arbitrary
Response

Arbitrary responses, including nonlinear

phase and complex filters

cremez

Raised Cosine

Lowpass response with smooth,

sinusoidal transition

firrcos

Cont.
Example 1
Design a 48th-order FIR bandpass filter with passband 0.35
0.65:

Solution
b = fir1(48,[0.35 0.65]);
freqz(b,1,512)

Cont.
Example 2:
Design a lowpass filter with the following specifications using
the optimal design method :
rp = 0.01;
rs = 0.1;
fs = 8000;
f = [1500 2000];
a = [1 0];

% Passband ripple
% Stopband ripple
% Sampling frequency
% Cutoff frequencies
% Desired amplitudes

Cont.
Solution

a vector of maximum
deviations or
ripples allowable
for each band.

%[n,fo,ao,w] = remezord(f,a,dev,fs); %

dev=[0.01 0.1]
[n,fo,ao,w]=remezord([1500 2000],[1 0],dev,8000); %

approximate order, normalized frequency band edges, frequency band amplitudes, and
weights that meet input specifications f, a, and dev.%

b=remez(n,fo,ao,w);

%use n, fo, ao and w to design the filter

b which approximately meets the specifications given by remezord input
parameters f, a, and dev.%

freqz(b,1,1024,8000);
title('Lowpass Filter Designed to Specifications');

Filter Implementation
After the filter design process has generated the filter coefficient
vectors, b and a, two functions are available in the Signal Processing
Toolbox for implementing the filter:
filter-:for b and a coefficient input, implements a direct-form II
transposed structure and filters the data. For dfilt input, filter
uses the structure specified with dfilt and filters the data.
Dfilt-:let us specify the filter structure and creates a digital filter
object.

Cont.
Example using filter

t = (0:0.001:1);
%fs=1/0.001Hz
x = sin(2*pi*50*t) + 2*sin(2*pi*120*t); %define input
plot(t,x)
%plot input
[b,a] = butter(9,100/500,'high');
%9th order,high pass filter
%with cutoff freq. 100Hz
c=filter(b,a,x);
figure(2)
plot(t,c)

Cont.

The complete process of designing, implementing, and applying a

filter using a dfilt object is described below:
1.
2.
3.

Generate the filter coefficients using any IIR or FIR filter

design function.
Create the filter object from the filter coefficients and the
specified filter structure using dfilt.
Apply the dfilt filter object to the data, x using filter .

Cont.
Example using dfilt

t = (0:0.001:1);
x = sin(2*pi*50*t) + 2*sin(2*pi*120*t); %define input
plot(t,x)
[b,a] = butter(9,100/500,'high');
%design filter
Hd = dfilt.df2t(b,a);
%Implement direct%form II transposed
c=filter(Hd,x);
returns a discrete-time
figure(2)
filter object, Hd, of type
plot(t,c)
df2t(direct-form II
transposed

Statistical Signal Processing

Correlation and Covariance
The functions xcorr and xcov estimate the cross-correlation and crosscovariance sequences of random processes .
The cross-correlation sequence is a statistical quantity defined as
,

where xn and yn are stationary random processes,

, and E{} is the
expected value operator which measures the similarity between the two
waveforms.The covariance sequence is the mean-removed cross-correlation
sequence

Cont.
or, in terms of the cross-correlation,

Cont.
Example on xcorr

x = [1 1 1 1 1]';
y = x;
xyc = xcorr(x,y)
stem(xyc)

Example on xcov
ww = randn(1000,1); % Generate uniform noise with mean = 1/2.%
[cov_ww,lags] = xcov(ww,10,'coeff');
stem(lags,cov_ww)

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

The discrete Fourier transform, or DFT, is the primary
tool of digital signal processing. The foundation of the
Signal Processing Toolbox is the fast Fourier transform
(FFT), a method for computing the DFT with reduced
execution time. Many of the toolbox functions (including
z-domain frequency response, spectrum and cepstrum
analysis, and some filter design and implementation
functions) incorporate the FFT.

Cont.
t = (0:0.001:1);
%0.001 is sampling
x = sin(2*pi*50*t) + 2*sin(2*pi*120*t);
y = fft(x);
%Compute DFT of x
m = abs(y);
%magnitude
f = (0:length(y)/2-1)*1000/length(y); %Frequency vector
plot(f,m(1:1:(length(m)-1)/2))
%before filter
grid
[b,a] = butter(9,100/500,'high');
%design filter
c=filter(b,a,x);
%implement filter
figure(2)
y = fft(c);
%Compute DFT of c(filtered x)
m = abs(y);
% Magnitude
f = (0:length(y)/2-1)*1000/length(y); %Frequency vector
plot(f,m(1:1:(length(m)-1)/2))
%after filter
Grid

FDATool: A Filter Design and

Analysis GUI
The Filter Design and Analysis Tool (FDATool) is a powerful user
interface for designing and analyzing filters. FDATool enables you to
quickly design digital FIR or IIR filters by setting filter performance
specifications, by importing filters from your MATLAB workspace,
or by directly specifying filter coefficients.
FDATool also provides tools for analyzing filters, such as magnitude
and phase response plots and pole-zero plots. You can use FDATool
as a convenient alternative to the command line filter design
functions.

Opening FDATool
To open the Filter Design and Analysis Tool, type
fdatool

Choosing a Response Type

You can choose from several response types:

Choosing a Filter Design Method

You can use the default filter design method for the response type
that you've selected, or you can select a filter design method from the
available FIR and IIR methods listed in the GUI.
To select the Remez algorithm to compute FIR filter coefficients,
select the FIR radio button and choose Equiripple from the list of
methods.

Setting the Filter Design Specifications

The filter design specifications that you can set vary according to
response type and design method. For example, to design a bandpass
filter, you can enter

Filter order
Options
Bandpass Filter Frequency Specifications
Bandpass Filter Magnitude Specifications

 Bandpass Filter Frequency Specifications

For this example:

 Bandpass Filter Magnitude Specifications

For this example

Computing the Filter Coefficients

Now that you've specified the filter design, click the Design Filter button to
compute the filter coefficients .

References
1. Tood K. Moon, Wynn C. Stirling
Mathematical Methods and Algorithms
for Signal Processing,Prentice
Hall,2000.
2. Samuel D. Stearns, Ruth A. David
Signal Processing Algorithms In
Matlab, Prentice Hall,1996.
3. http://www.mathworks.com.

THANK YOU