Antioxidants

ANTI-OXIDANTS
PRASHANT SONI
12 OIL 1005
INTRODUCTION
Industrial lubricants have to prevent damage to the machinery which arises
from friction between moving parts in service.
Oxidation stability is one of the key requirements of the lubricant because
the oxidation degradation products, e.g. peroxy radicals, hydroperoxides

and organic acids as well as sludge and deposits, are detrimental to the
equipment.
The important role of antioxidants, to protect the various types of base oil
under different operation conditions.
OXIDATION PROCESS
use of additives to control lubricant degradation requires a focus on alkyl
radicals
(R), alkylperoxy radicals (ROO) and hydroperoxides (ROOH).

three additive types have proven to be successful in controlling the
degradation of lubricating oils:
1.
radical scavengers,
2.
hydroperoxide decomposers,
3.
synergistic mixtures of these.
RADICAL SCAVENGERS
phenolic and aminic antioxidants most widely used types of radical
scavengers
use of organometallic complexes of transition metals as antioxidants is
becoming more prevalent, especially in engine oils; organomolybdenum

compounds are of particular importance.
1.) Sterically hindered phenols: Phenols substituted at the 2- and 6-positions

by tertiary alkyl groups are called sterically hindered phenols, the most
common substituent is the tertiary butyl group.
For e.g. 2,6-di-tertiary-butyl-p-cresol is used as a additive in turbine
lubricating oil
2.) Aromatic amines: Secondary aromatic amines are another important

class of antioxidants used in lubricants.
The principal substituents of the nitrogen atom are either two aryl or one
phenyl and a naphthyl group.
For e.g. diphenylamine, -naphthylamines,

under high-temperature conditions, aromatic amines are far superior to
their phenolic counterparts
Organometallic complexes of transition metals:

since transition metals can exist in more than one oxidation state, which
gives them catalytic activity to inhibit autoxidation and stabilisation of

hydrocarbons such as mineral oil
For e.g. organo opper compounds used in engine oils are capable of
catalytically scavenging free radicals.
HYDROPEROXIDE
DECOMPOSERS
These compounds convert hydroperoxides into non-radical products,
thereby preventing the chain propagation reaction.
organosulphur and organophosphorus additives have been used for this
purpose.
The reaction mechanism to eliminate hydroperoxides is their acid-catalysed
decomposition.
The catalysts are protic (RSO2H) or Lewis acids (SO2).
Zinc dialkyldithiocarbamates: These compounds are mainly used as
antioxidants although, like the ZnDTPs, they also have extreme pressure
activity.
Organophosphorus compounds: Phosphites are the main
organophosphorus compounds used to control oxidative degradation of

lubricants
SYNERGISM BETWEEN
ANTIOXIDANTS
effectiveness of one class of antioxidant may be enhanced by combining it
with another type of stabilizer
combining two different peroxy radical scavengers in a lubricant gives
improved oxidation stability compared with either alone
The aminic antioxidant reacts faster than the phenolic antioxidant with the
peroxy radical. The less efficient sterically hindered phenol then regenerates
the more effective aminic antioxidant. For eg, using a synergistic
combination of an aminic antioxidant and an organosulphur hydroperoxide
decomposer
Working: organosulphur compound decomposes the majority of
hydroperoxides. Fewer radicals which initiate chain reactions are formed, and
therefore less aminic antioxidant is consumed by the peroxy radical
scavenging process.
COMMERCIAL
ANTIOXIDANTS
Product
Company
Chemical
Additin 7115
Rhein Chemie
phenol derivative sterically

hindered
Hitec 4703
Ethyl
2,6-di-t-butyl-alphadimethylamino-pcresol
Irganox L 57
Ciba
butylated, octylated
diphenylamine
Naugard PANA
Crompton
phenyl-alpha-napthylamine
Vanlube 849 RT
Vanderbilt
alpha methyl styrenated

DPA
Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants By R. M. Mortier, S. T. Orszulik

Lubricants and Special Fluids By V. Stepina, V. Vesely
Developments in Lubricant Technology By S. P. Srivastava

Antioxidants

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Antioxidants

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Antioxidants

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ANTI-OXIDANTS

from friction between moving parts in service.

Oxidation stability is one of the key requirements of the lubricant because

the oxidation degradation products, e.g. peroxy radicals, hydroperoxides

under different operation conditions.

use of additives to control lubricant degradation requires a focus on alkyl

(R), alkylperoxy radicals (ROO) and hydroperoxides (ROOH).

degradation of lubricating oils:

synergistic mixtures of these.

use of organometallic complexes of transition metals as antioxidants is

becoming more prevalent, especially in engine oils; organomolybdenum

1.) Sterically hindered phenols: Phenols substituted at the 2- and 6-positions

2.) Aromatic amines: Secondary aromatic amines are another important

phenyl and a naphthyl group.

For e.g. diphenylamine, -naphthylamines,

their phenolic counterparts

Organometallic complexes of transition metals:

gives them catalytic activity to inhibit autoxidation and stabilisation of

catalytically scavenging free radicals.

thereby preventing the chain propagation reaction.

organosulphur and organophosphorus additives have been used for this

The reaction mechanism to eliminate hydroperoxides is their acid-catalysed

The catalysts are protic (RSO2H) or Lewis acids (SO2).

Zinc dialkyldithiocarbamates: These compounds are mainly used as

Organophosphorus compounds: Phosphites are the main

organophosphorus compounds used to control oxidative degradation of

with another type of stabilizer

combining two different peroxy radical scavengers in a lubricant gives

improved oxidation stability compared with either alone

Working: organosulphur compound decomposes the majority of

phenol derivative sterically

alpha methyl styrenated

Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants By R. M. Mortier, S. T. Orszulik

You might also like