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    Chitkara University: Chitkara School of Mechanical Engineering Kulwinder Singh

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    This document discusses various engineering materials including metals, plastics, ceramics, glasses, and composites. It provides examples of different material types and outlines some of their key properties and applications. The document also discusses factors involved in material selection such as function, shape, and manufacturing process considerations. In addition, it examines important engineering properties of materials including mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, and optical properties.

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    Chitkara University: Chitkara School of Mechanical Engineering Kulwinder Singh

    Uploaded by

    Shubham Gupta
    38 views41 pages
    This document discusses various engineering materials including metals, plastics, ceramics, glasses, and composites. It provides examples of different material types and outlines some of their key properties and applications. The document also discusses factors involved in material selection such as function, shape, and manufacturing process considerations. In addition, it examines important engineering properties of materials including mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, and optical properties.

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    This document discusses various engineering materials including metals, plastics, ceramics, glasses, and composites. It provides examples of different material types and outlines some of their key properties and applications. The document also discusses factors involved in material selection such as function, shape, and manufacturing process considerations. In addition, it examines important engineering properties of materials including mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, and optical properties.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    38 views41 pages

    Chitkara University: Chitkara School of Mechanical Engineering Kulwinder Singh

    Uploaded by

    Shubham Gupta
    This document discusses various engineering materials including metals, plastics, ceramics, glasses, and composites. It provides examples of different material types and outlines some of their key properties and applications. The document also discusses factors involved in material selection such as function, shape, and manufacturing process considerations. In addition, it examines important engineering properties of materials including mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, and optical properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 41

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    CHITKARA SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL


    ENGINEERING ;KULWINDER SINGH

    Engineering Materials
    Materials

    Metals

    Plastics

    Ceramics
    Glass

    Composites

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    Materials Examples:
    Ferrous metals: carbon-, alloy-, stainless-, tool-and-die steels
    Non-ferrous metals: aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel,
    titanium, superalloys, refractory metals,
    beryllium, zirconium, low-melting alloys,
    gold, silver, platinum,
    Plastics: thermoplastics (acrylic, nylon, polyethylene, ABS,)
    thermosets (epoxies, Polymides, Phenolics, )
    elastomers (rubbers, silicones, polyurethanes, )
    Ceramics, Glasses, Graphite, Diamond, Cubic Boron Nitride
    Composites: reinforced plastics, metal-, ceramic matrix composites
    Nanomaterials, shape-memory alloys, superconductors,
    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    Industrial Applications of
    materials

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    Material Selection
    Function dictates the choice of
    material and shape.

    Function

    Material

    Process is influenced
    by material

    Shape restricts the


    choice of material
    and process.

    Shape

    Process

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    Process interacts
    with shape.

    Materials
    Class

    Definition

    Examples

    Properties

    Applications

    Metals

    Metals are combinations of


    one or more "metallic
    elements," such as iron,
    gold, or lead. Alloys are
    metals like steel or bronze
    that combine more than
    one element, and may
    include non-metallic
    elements e.g. carbon.

    Steel, aluminium,
    titanium iron, gold,
    lead, copper,
    platinum, brass,
    bronze, pewter,
    solder

    Strong, dense, ductile,


    electrical and heat
    conductors, opaque

    Electrical wiring,
    structures (buildings,
    bridges), automobiles
    (body, springs),
    airplanes, trains (rails,
    engine components,
    body, wheels), shape
    memory materials,
    magnets

    Ceramics

    Ceramic materials are


    inorganic materials with
    non-metallic properties
    usually processed at high
    temperature at some time
    during their manufacture

    Structural ceramics,
    refractories,
    porcelain, glass

    Lower density than metals,


    strong, low ductility (brittle),
    low thermal conductivity,
    corrosion resistant

    Dinnerware, figurines,
    vases, art, bathtubs,
    sinks, electrical and
    thermal insulation,
    sewage pipes, floor and
    wall tile, dental fillings,
    abrasives, glass
    windows

    Polymers

    A polymer contains many


    chemically bonded parts or
    units that are bonded
    together to form a solid.

    Plastics (synthetic,
    nylon, liquid
    crystals, adhesives,
    elastomers (rubber)

    Low density, poor


    conductors of electricity
    and heat, different optical
    properties

    Fabrics, car parts,


    packaging materials,
    bags, packing materials
    (Styrofoam*), fasteners
    (Velcro*), glue,
    containers, telephone
    headsets, rubber bands

    Composites

    Composites are two or


    Fibreglass (glass
    more distinct substances
    and a polymer),
    that are combined to
    plywood (layers of
    produce a new material
    wood and glue),
    with properties not present
    concrete (cement
    in either individual material. and pebbles)
    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    Properties depend on
    amount and distribution of
    each type of material.
    Collective set of properties
    are more desirable and
    possible than with any
    individual material.

    Golf clubs, tennis


    rackets, bicycle frames,
    tires, cars, aerospace
    materials, paint
    7

    PROPERTIES OF
    MATERIAL
    Knowledge of materials properties is required to
    Select appropriate material for design requirement

    Select appropriate manufacturing process

    Optimize processing conditions for economic


    manufacturing

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    Important engineering
    characteristics of materials
    Mechanical

    Thermal properties

    properties
    Density
    Strength

    Thermal conductivity
    Coefficient of expansion

    Hardness

    Melting point

    Ductility
    Toughness
    Fatigue resistance
    Creep

    Chemical properties
    Reactivity
    Combustibility
    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    Electrical properties
    Conductivity

    Optical properties
    Transmissivity
    Colour
    9

    Physical Properties
    Property

    Application (e.g.)

    Density, = mass/volume

    Drop forging, hammering

    Specific heat

    Coolant in machining

    Thermal conductivity

    Cutting titanium

    Coeff of linear thermal expansion, = L/(L T)

    Compensation in Casting,

    Melting point

    Brazing, Casting,

    Electrical conductivity

    EDM, ECM, Plating

    Magnetic properties

    Magnetic chucking

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    10

    Other concerns about


    Availability - sizes, minimum quantities.
    materials
    Sustainability plentiful sustainable resources
    Ease of manufacture - machinability, weldability.
    Compatibility - electrochemical compatibility with

    other parts of the system.


    Reliability - how consistent are the material
    properties.
    Cost - although 5th in this list, this factor may well
    be used first to eliminate a large number of possible
    options.
    Recycleability - increasing environmental concern
    (and resulting legislation) worldwide is driving
    manufacturers to use materials that can be recycled
    with minimum difficulty.
    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    11

    Densities of structural materials


    Density (kg/m3)
    Engineering materials
    Steel

    7800

    Concrete
    Rubber

    2300
    1100

    Biological materials
    Bone

    2000

    Cartilage

    1100

    Tendon

    1300

    Locust cuticle

    1200

    Comparison: density of water is 1000 kg/m3


    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    12

    Strength
    A measure of the materials ability to resist

    deformation and to maintain its shape.


    It is quantified in terms of yield stress or
    ultimate tensile strength.
    High carbon steels and metal alloys have
    higher strength than pure metals.
    Ceramics also exhibit high strengths.

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    13

    Hardness
    A measure of the materials ability to resist

    indentation, abrasion and wear.


    It is quantified by a hardness scale such as
    Rockwell and Brinell hardness scales.
    Hardness and Strength correlate well
    because both properties are related to inmolecular bonding.

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    14

    Ductility
    A measure of the materials

    Stress

    Brittle

    Ductile

    Strain

    ability to deform before


    failure.
    It is quantified by reading
    the value of strain at the
    fracture point on the stress
    strain curve.
    Examples of ductile
    material include:
    low carbon steel
    aluminum
    bubble gum

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    15

    Toughness
    A measure of the materials ability to absorb
    energy. It is measured by two methods.
    a) Integration of stress strain curve
    Slow absorption of energy
    Absorbed energy per unit volume unit :
    (lb/in) *(in/in) =lbin/in

    b) Charpy test
    This measures impact toughness (see
    later)
    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    16

    Since the properties we are


    concerned with all deal with how
    structures deform in response to
    forces, we need some way to
    normalize:
    Force
    Amount of deformation

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    17

    How to normalize force

    F = 10 N

    Area = 5 cm2
    F = 20 N

    Area = 10 cm2

    Force
    2
    Stress ()
    2 N / cm
    Area
    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    18

    A digression: types of stresses

    Tension

    Shear
    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    Compression

    Torsion
    19

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    20

    Rest
    Tension

    l + l

    Compression

    l
    Strain
    l

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    l - l

    21

    Remember Young's modulus


    Stress
    Young' s Modulus (E )
    Strain
    E is (often) constant for any material
    Units of E are N/m2
    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    22

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    23

    What would plots of different


    materials look like?
    Weve looked at

    mechanical properties
    of materials,
    particularly Density,
    Strength, Hardness,
    Ductility, Toughness.

    Steel
    Stress

    Concrete
    Rubber

    Next week well look at


    Strain

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    stress-strain curves in
    more detail
    24

    What does a stress-strain plot look like?

    E is the slope of
    the plot in the
    elastic region

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    25

    Strain hardening
    If the material is strained beyond
    its elastic limit it will no longer
    return to its original length when
    released. A wire strained past its
    yield point (y1) to A will follow
    the line AB when the strain is
    removed, and have a longer
    length than before. When a
    strain is reapplied the path BA
    will be followed, and the wire will
    not reach yield (y2) until point A.
    y2 > y1 and we say the wire is
    stronger but it will now fracture
    with much less extension.
    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    y2
    y1

    26

    Youngs moduli of structural materials


    Youngs
    modulus (N/m2)
    Engineering materials
    Steel

    2.1 x 1011

    Concrete
    Rubber

    1.7 x 1010
    7 x 106

    Biological materials
    Bone

    1.7 x 1010

    Cartilage

    1.3 x 107

    Tendon

    1.9 x 108

    Locust cuticle

    9.4 x 109

    E is the stress required to produce 100% strain

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    27

    Extensibility measures how far the


    material can be strained before fracture

    Extensibility
    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    28

    Strength is the stress at which the


    material fractures
    Strength

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    29

    Strengths of structural materials


    Strength (N/m2)
    Engineering materials
    Steel

    1.5 x 109
    4 x 106
    7 x 106

    Concrete
    Rubber
    Biological materials
    Bone

    1.2 x 108

    Cartilage

    5.9 x 105

    Tendon

    9.8 x 107

    Locust cuticle

    9.4 x 107

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    30

    Toughness measures the


    total energy absorbed before fracture

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    31

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    32

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    33

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    34

    Factors affecting material


    properties
    Temperature :
    Increasing temperature will decrease

    - Modulus of Elasticity
    - Yield Strength
    - Tensile Strength
    Decreasing temperature will:
    - Increase ductility
    - Reduce brittleness

    Environment:
    Sulfites, Chlorine, Oxygen in water, Radiation
    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    35

    Charpy Toughness(lbin)

    Charpy V-Notch Test


    Ductile
    Behavior
    Brittle
    Behavior

    Transition
    Temperature

    Temperature (C)

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    36

    Transition temperature
    At low temperature, where the material is

    brittle and not strong, little energy is


    required to fracture the material.
    At high temperature, where the material is
    more ductile and stronger, greater energy
    is required to fracture the material.
    The transition temperature is the boundary
    between brittle and ductile behavior. This
    is an extremely important parameter in
    selection of construction material.
    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    37

    Charpy Test
    High Carbon Steel

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    Stainless Steel

    38

    Properties of materials
    1:Metals
    Metal

    Density

    Youngs
    modulus

    Shear
    modulus

    Poissons
    ratio

    Yield Stress

    Ultimate
    Stress

    Elongation

    Alumimium

    2.7

    70

    26

    0.33

    20

    70

    60

    Al Alloy

    2.7

    80

    28

    0.33

    35 - 500

    100-550

    1 - 45

    Brass

    8.6

    100

    39

    0.33

    70 - 550

    200-600

    4 - 60

    Bronze

    8.2

    110

    40

    0.33

    80 - 690

    200-830

    5 - 50

    Cast Iron

    7.2

    80 - 170

    60

    0.2 0.3

    120 -290

    70-480

    0-1

    Mag Alloy

    1.7

    45

    17

    0.35

    80 - 280

    140-340

    2 - 20

    Solder

    20 - 30

    12 - 54

    5 - 30

    Steel

    7.8

    200

    80

    0.3

    340-1900

    3 - 40

    Ti Alloy

    4.5

    110

    40

    0.33

    960

    10

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    280-1600

    39

    Properties of materials 2
    Material

    Density
    Mg/m3

    Youngs modulus
    Gpa

    Brick (compression)

    1.8 2.4

    10 24

    Concrete

    2.4

    18 30

    0.1 0.2

    Glass

    2.6

    48 83

    0.2 0.27

    Nylon

    1.1

    2.1 2.8

    0.4

    Stone: Granite
    (compression)

    2.6

    40 70

    0.2 0.3

    70 280

    Stone: Marble
    (compression)

    2.8

    50 100

    0.2 0.3

    50 - 180

    Wood: Ash
    (Bending)

    0.6

    10 11

    40 - 70

    50 - 100

    Wood: Oak
    (Bending)

    0.7

    11 12

    40 - 60

    50 - 100

    Wood: Pine
    (Bending)

    0.6

    11 14

    40 - 60

    50 - 100

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    Poissons
    ratio

    Yield Stress MPa

    Ultimate Stress
    MPa
    7 - 70
    230 - 380

    40 - 70

    40

    THANKS

    CHITKARA UNIVERSITY

    41

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