5 Pembelahan Sel

Cellular
Division
1
Cell Division
All cells are derived from pre-
existing cells
New cells are produced for
growth and to replace damaged or
old cells
DNA Replication
DNA must be
Original DNA
copied or
strand
replicated
before cell
Two new,
division
identical DNA
Each new cell
strands
will then have an
identical copy of
the DNA
Identical Daughter Cells
Two
identical
daughter
cells
Parent Cell
4
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
All eukaryotic cells store genetic

information in chromosomes
Human body cells have 46 chromosomes

or 23 identical pairs
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Each chromosome is composed of a

single, tightly coiled DNA molecule
Chromosomes cant be seen when
cells arent dividingand are called
chromatin
Compacting DNA into

Chromosomes
DNA is
tightly
coiled
around
proteins
called
histones
7
Chromosomes in Dividing Cells

Duplicated
chromosomes are
called
chromatids &
are held
together by the
centromere
Called Sister Chromatids
Karyotype
A picture of the
chromosomes from a
human cell arranged
in pairs by size
First 22 pairs are
called autosomes
Last pair are the
sex chromosomes
XX female or XY
male
9
Boy or Girl?
The Y Chromosome Decides
Y - Chromosome
X - Chromosome
10
The Cell
Cycle
11
Sketch the Cell Cycle

DNA Copied
Cells
Mature
Daughter
Cells
Cells prepare for

Division
Cell Divides into

Identical cells
12
Five Phases of the Cell Cycle

G1 - primary growth phase
S synthesis; DNA replicated
G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively these 3 stages are
called interphase
M - mitosis
C - cytokinesis
13
Interphase - G1 Stage
1st growth stage after cell
division
Cells mature by making more
cytoplasm & organelles
Cell carries on its normal
metabolic activities
14
Interphase S Stage
Synthesis stage
DNA is copied or replicated
Two
identical
copies
of DNA
Original
DNA
15
Interphase G2 Stage
2nd Growth Stage
Occurs after DNA has been copied
All cell structures needed for
division are made (e.g. centrioles)
Both organelles & proteins are
synthesized
16
Whats Happening in Interphase?

What the cell looks like
Animal Cell
Whats occurring
17
Mitosis
18
Four Mitotic Stages

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
19
profase
The chromosomes condense
and become visible
The centrioles form and
move toward opposite ends
of the cell ("the poles")
The nuclear membrane
dissolves
The mitotic spindle forms
(from the centrioles in
animal cells)
Spindle fibers from each
centriole attach to each
sister chromatid at the
kinetochore
20
Spindle Fiber attached to

Chromosome
Kinetochore
Fiber
Chromosome
21
Metaphase
What the cell looks
like
Whats
occurring
22
Anaphase & Telophase
23
Cytokinesis
Means division of the cytoplasm

Division of cell into two,
identical halves called daughter
cells
In plant cells, cell plate forms
at the equator to divide cell
In animal cells, cleavage furrow
forms to split cell
24
Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow
in animal cell
Cell plate in
animal cell
25
Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell
G2 OF INTERPHASE
Centrosomes
(with centriole pairs)
Nucleolus
PROPHASE
PROMETAPHASE
Aster
Fragments Kinetochore
Chromatin Early mitotic
Centromere of nuclear
spindle
Nonkinetochore
(duplicated)
envelope
microtubules
Nuclear Plasma
envelope membrane
Chromosome, consisting
of two sister chromatids
Kinetochore
microtubule
Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
Metaphase
plate
Spindle
Daughter
Centrosome at
one spindle pole chromosomes
TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Cleavage
furrow
Nuclear
envelope
forming
Nucleolus
forming
Eukaryotic Cell Division

Used for growth and repair
Produce two new cells
identical to the original cell
Cells are diploid (2n)
Prophase
Metaphase
Chromosomes during
Metaphase of mitosis
Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

28
Uncontrolled Mitosis
If mitosis is not
controlled, unlimited
cell division occurs
causing cancerous
tumors
Oncogenes are special
proteins that
increase the chance
that a normal cell
develops into a tumor
cell
Cancer cells
29
Meiosis
Formation of Gametes
(Eggs & Sperm)
30
Facts About Meiosis

Preceded by interphase which
includes chromosome replication
Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis
I and Meiosis II
Called Reduction- division
Original cell is diploid (2n)
Four daughter cells produced that
are monoploid/haploid (1n)
31
Facts About Meiosis
Daughter cells contain half the

number of chromosomes as the
original cell
Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
Occurs in the testes in males
(Spermatogenesis)
Occurs in the ovaries in females
(Oogenesis)
32
Fertilization Putting it
all together
2n = 6
1n =3
33
Meiosis Forms Haploid Gametes

Meiosis must reduce the chromosome number by half
Fertilization then restores the 2n number
from mom
from dad
child
too
much!
meiosis reduces
genetic content
The right
number!
34
35
MEIOSIS I
PROFASE 1
The chromosomes condense and become
visible
The centrioles form and move toward the
poles
The nuclear membrane begins to dissolve
The homologs pair up, forming a tetrad
36
METAFASE 1
Microtubules grow from the
centrioles and attach to the
centromeres
The tetrads line up along
the cell equator
ANAFASE 1
homologous
chromosomes separate
(note that the sister
chromatids are still
attached)
TELOFASE 1
The chromosomes may
decondense (depends on
species)
Cytokinesis reaches
completion, creating
two haploid daughter
cells
37
MEIOSIS II
Prophase II
Centrioles form
and move toward
the poles
The nuclear
membrane dissolves
38
Metaphase II
Microtubules grow
from the centrioles
and attach to the
centromeres
The sister
chromatids line up
along the cell equator
Anaphase II
The centromeres
break and sister
chromatids
separate
Telophase II
The chromosomes may
decondense (depends on
species)
Cytokinesis reaches
completion, creating
four haploid daughter
cells
39
Perbandingan mitosis dan meiosis
40
Gametogenesis
Oogenesis
or
Spermatogenesis
41
Spermatogenesis
Occurs in the
testes
Two divisions
produce 4
spermatids
Spermatids mature
into sperm
Men produce about
250,000,000
sperm per day
42
Spermatogenesis in the
Testes
Spermatid
43
Spermatogenesis
44
Oogenesis
Occurs in the ovaries

Two divisions produce 3 polar bodies
that die and 1 egg
Polar bodies die because of unequal
division of cytoplasm
Immature egg called oocyte
Starting at puberty, one oocyte
matures into an ovum (egg) every 28
days
45
Oogenesis
First polar body
may divide
(haploid)
a
Mitosis
Oogonium
(diploid)
Primary
oocyte
(diploid)
X
a
X
a
Polar
bodies
die
Meiosis I Meiosis II
(if fertilization
A
occurs)
X
A
Secondary
oocyte
(haploid)
Ovum (egg) Mature

egg
A
X
Second
polar body
(haploid)
46

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Cellular

Identical Daughter Cells

All eukaryotic cells store genetic

Human body cells have 46 chromosomes

Each chromosome is composed of a

Compacting DNA into

Chromosomes in Dividing Cells

Sketch the Cell Cycle

Cells prepare for

Cell Divides into

Five Phases of the Cell Cycle

Whats Happening in Interphase?

Four Mitotic Stages

Spindle Fiber attached to

Anaphase & Telophase

Means division of the cytoplasm

Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell

Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell

TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Eukaryotic Cell Division

Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

Facts About Meiosis

Facts About Meiosis

Daughter cells contain half the

Meiosis Forms Haploid Gametes

Perbandingan mitosis dan meiosis

Occurs in the ovaries

Ovum (egg) Mature

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