AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE

MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

DEVELOPMENT OF AIR
TRANSPORTATION
Air transport being the most modern and the
quickest mode of transport has been gaining
popularity.
However, the exorbitant rates have made it the
mode of travel of the rich or of the business
community for whom time is more expensive
than air travel.
But the entry of private Airlines and their various
schemes have reduced airfare drastically.
The recent tax relaxation on air fuel and such
sops will further make air travel within the reach
of a greater section of the Indian Populace.

MODES OF
TRANSPORTATION
1. LAND
2. WATER
3. AIR

COMPARITION
High Speed
Quick Service
No Infrastructure Investment
Easy Access (Continuous
Journey)
Natural Route
National Defence

Risky
Very Costly
Small Carrying Capacity
Unreliable
Huge Investment

Advantages:
High Speed: Air transport is the fastest
mode of transport and therefore suitable
carriage of goods over a long distance
requiring less time. There is no substitute
for air transport when the transport of
goods is required urgently.
Quick Service: Air transport provides
comfortable, efficient and quick transport
service. It is regarded as best mode of
transport for transporting perishable
goods.

 No Infrastructure Investment: Air transport

does not give emphasis on construction of
tracks like railways. As no capital
investment in surface track is needed, it is
a less costly mode of transport.
Easy Access: Air transport is regarded as
the only means of transport in those areas
which are not easily accessible to other
modes of transport. It is therefore
accessible to all areas regardless the
obstruction of land.

 No Physical Barrier: Air transport is free

from physical barriers because it follows
the shortest and direct routes where
seas, mountains and forests do not
obstruct.
Natural Route: Aircrafts travels to any
place without any natural obstacles or
barriers.
National Defence: It plays a significant
role in the national defense of the
country because modern wars are
conducted with the help of aero planes.
Airways has a upper hand a destroying
the
enemy
in
a
short
period.

disadvantages:
Risky: Air transport is the most risky form of
transport because a minor accident may put a
substantial loss to the goods, passengers and
the crew. The chances of accidents are greater
in comparison to other modes of transport.
Very Costly: Air transport is regarded as the
costliest mode of transport. The operating cost
of aero-planes are higher and it involves a
great deal of expenditure on the construction
of aerodromes and aircraft. Because of this
reason the fare of air transport are so high that
it becomes beyond the reach the common
people.

 Small Carrying Capacity: The aircrafts have

small carrying capacity and therefore these
are not suitable for carrying bulky and
cheaper goods. the load capacity cannot be
increased as it is found in case of rails.
Unreliable: Most of the air transport are
uncertain and the unreliable because these
are controlled by weather condition. It is
seriously affected by adverse weather
conditions. Fog, snow and heavy rain
weather may cause cancellation of some
flights.

 Huge Investment: Air transport

requires
huge
investment
for
construction and maintenance of
aerodromes. It also requires trained,
experienced and skilled personnel
which
involves
a
substantial
investment.

 Air transportation was slow to take off after the Wright

Brothers breakthrough at Kitty Hawk in 1903.
On January 1, 1914, the worlds first scheduled flight with
a paying passenger hopped across the bay separating
Tampa and St. Petersburg, Florida for a fare that
eventually stabilized at $10 per person.
World War I, which began just months after that first flight
from Tampa, provided the first real spur to the
development of commercial aviation as air power began to
be used and better aircraft were quickly designed.
However, air transport still suffered from limitations in
terms of capacity and range. 1919 marked the first
commercial international air transport service between
England and France.
It was also the same year that with the Paris Convention
that each country controlled the airspace over its territory.

DEVELOPMENT OF AVIATION
1903
Worldwide air passenger transport began in
Germany in around 1914.
The first international service was established
between London and Paris in 1919.
Initial development occurred mostly in
Europe but most of the pioneering
developments in the organization and
management of aviation were spearhead in
USA.
Significant improvements in passenger
aircraft technology were made in the 1930s.

 World war II had considerable positive

impact on the development of aviation.
Aircraft
were
mass
produced
for
transportation of personal, military and
bombs.
Air navigation technology improved and the
large number of airports were built around
the world.
The jet engine were introduced to
commercial aviation in 1950s.

 The ride offered by jet aircraft were

comparatively quiet smooth and
comfortable.
Advances in engine and airframe
technology were responsible for the
development in air transportation.
Phenomenal
growth
in
air
transportation continued over the
decades.

ROLE OF IATA

IATA
The International Air Transport Association
(IATA) is an international industry trade group
of airlines headquartered in Montreal, Quebec,
Canada, where the International Civil Aviation
Organization is also headquartered. The
executive offices are at the Geneva Airport in
Switzerland.
IATA represents some 240 airlines comprising
84% of scheduled international air traffic.
Currently, IATA is present in over 150 countries
covered through 101 offices around the globe.

industry trade group

A trade association, also known as an
industry
trade
group,
business
association or sector association, is an
organization
founded
and
funded
by
businesses that operate in a specific industry.
An industry trade association participates in
public relations activities such as advertising,
education political donations lobbying and
publishing, but its main focus is collaboration
between companies, or standardization.

HISTORY
IATA was formed on 19 April 1945, in Havana,
Cuba. It is the successor to the International
Air Traffic Association, founded in The Hague
in 1919, the year of the world's first
international scheduled services.
At its founding, IATA had 57 members from 31
nations, mostly in Europe and North America.
Today it has about 243 members (as of April
2012) from more than 126 nations in every
part of the world.

MISSION
IATAs stated mission is to represent,
lead and serve the airline industry. All
the Airline rules and regulations are
defined by IATA.
The main aim of IATA is to provide
safe and secure transportation to its
passengers.

ROLE OF IATA
Price setting
One of its core functions was to act as a price setting body for
international airfare.

In an arrangement going back to 1944, international fare prices

have been set through bilateral governmental agreements rather
than through market mechanisms. Airlines had been granted a
special exemption by each of the main regulatory authorities in the
world to consult prices with each other through this body.
Originally both domestic and international aviation were highly
regulated by IATA. Since 1978 in US and later in Europe, domestic
deregulation highlighted the benefits of open markets to consumers
in terms of lower fares and companies in terms of more efficient
networks.
This led to the formation of bilateral "open skies" agreements that
weakened IATA's price fixing role. Negotiations are underway since
2003 to create a completely deregulated aviation market covering
European and US airspace.

 For fare calculations IATA has divided

the world in three regions:
South, Central and North America.
Europe, Middle East and Africa. IATA
Europe
includes
the
geographical
Europe and Turkey, Israel, Morocco,
Algeria and Tunisia.
Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the
islands of the Pacific Ocean.

 IATA assigns 3-letter IATA Airport Codes and 2letter IATA airline designators, which are
commonly used worldwide. ICAO also assigns
airport and airline codes.
IATA is pivotal in the worldwide accreditation of
travel agents.
Over 80% of airlines sales come from IATA
accredited agents. The IATA / IATAN ID Card is a
globally recognized industry credential for travel
professionals.

IATA regulates the shipping of dangerous goods and publishes the

IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations manual (DGR) yearly, a globally
accepted (de facto) field source reference for airlines' shipping of
hazardous materials.
IATA coordinates the Scheduling process which governs the
allocation and exchange of slots at congested airports worldwide,
applying fair, transparent and non-discriminatory principles. In
consultation with the airline and airport coordinator communities,
IATA manages and publishes the industry standards in the Worldwide
Scheduling Guidelines (WSG) intended to provide guidance on
managing the allocation of slots at airports.
IATA maintains the Timatic database containing cross border
passenger documentation requirements.
It is used by airlines to determine whether a passenger can be
carried, as well as by airlines and travel agents to provide this
information to travelers at the time of booking.

IATA publishes standards for use in the airline industry. The Bar Coded
Boarding Pass (BCBP) standard defines the 2-dimensional (2D) bar code
printed on paper boarding passes or sent to mobiles phones as electronic
boarding passes. The Electronic Miscellaneous Document (EMD) defines a
standard document to account airlines sales and track usage of charges.
IATA publishes the IATA Rates of Exchange (IROE) four times per year, used
with the Neutral Unit of Construction (NUC) fare currency-neutral
construction system that superseded the older Fare Construction Unit (FCU)
system in 1989.
In 2004, IATA launched Simplifying the Business - a set of five initiatives
which it says will save the industry US$6.5 billion every year. These projects
are BCBP, IATA e-freight, CUSS (common use self-service), Baggage
Improvement Programme (BIP) and the Fast Travel Programme.
In 2003, the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) was launched with the aim
to serve as a standard and worldwide recognized certification of airlines'
operational management. The IOSA certification has now become a
mandatory requisite for all IATA member airlines.
IATA is a member of the Air Transport Action Group (ATAG).

All IATA Member Airlines

Airline
Name

IATA
3-Digit
Designat
Code
or

ICAO
Designat Country
or

Aerosvit
Airlines

VV

870

AEW

Ukraine

Afriqiyah
Airways

8U

546

AAW

Libya

Aigle
Azur

ZI

439

AAF

France

Air
Algrie

AH

124

DAH

Algeria

ABSA
Cargo
Airline

M3

Adria
Airways

JP

165

ADR

Slovenia

Air
Astana

KC

465

KZR

Kazakhst
an

Aegean
Airlines

A3

390

AEE

Greece

Air
Austral

UU

760

REU

France

Aer
Lingus

EI

053

EIN

Ireland

Air Baltic

BT

657

BTI

Latvia

Air Berlin AB

745

BER

Germany

RBP

Colombi
a

Air
Botswan
a

BP

636

BOT

Botswan
a

Air
Canada

AC

014

ACA

Canada

AFL

Russian
Federati
on

Aero
Repblic P5
a
Aeroflot

SU

Aeroline
as
AR
Argentin
as
Aeromex

TUS

845

555

044

ARG

Brazil

Argentin
a

Air China
CA
Limited

999

CCA

China
(People's
Republic
of)

Air
Corsica

XK

146

CCM

France

Air
Europa

UX

996

AEA

Spain

IATA Airport Codes

Tokyo (TYO) Haneda (HND) and Narita (NRT) New York City
(NYC) John F. Kennedy International (JFK) and La Guardia (LGA)
London (LON) Heathrow (LHR) and Gatwick (LGW)[3] Paris (PAR)
Orly (ORY) and Charles de Gaulle (CDG) lagos (los) So Paulo
(SAO) Congonhas (CGH) and Guarulhos (GRU) Seoul (SEL)
Incheon (ICN) Gimpo (GMP, formerly SEL) Rome (ROM)
Fiumicino (FCO) and Ciampino (CIA) Stockholm (STO) Arlanda
(ARN) and Bromma (BMA) Buenos Aires (BUE) Ezeiza (EZE) and
Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP).

IATA Airport Codes

CJB--coimbatore
BLR--bangalore
MAA--??
BOM mumbai
DEL--??
GOI--??

Operational airlines
Airline

ICAO

IATA

Call Sign

Commenced Operations

Headquarters

Status

Oct-32
Air India

AIC

AI

AIRINDIA

(as Tata Airlines)

Mumbai

National Carrier

Air India Express

AXB

IX

EXPRESS INDIA

Apr-05

Kochi

Scheduled

Air India Regional

LLR

CD

ALLIED

(as Alliance Air)

Mumbai

Scheduled

Air Mantra

MANTRA

July 2012[4]

New Delhi

Non-Scheduled

Air Odisha

November 2012[5]

Bhubaneshwar

Non-Scheduled

Blue Dart Aviation

BDA

BZ

BLUE DART

1995[6]

Chennai

Cargo

Club One Air

Aug-05

Mumbai

Non-Scheduled

Deccan 360

DEC

3C

DECCAN CARGO

2009

Bangalore

Cargo

Deccan Charters

DKN

DN

DECCAN

1997

Bangalore

Non-Scheduled

Deccan Shuttles

DKS

DS

DECCAN

2012

Ahmedabad

Non-Scheduled

GoAir

GOW

G8

GOAIR

Jun-04

Mumbai

Scheduled

IndiGo

IGO

6E

IFLY

Aug-06

Gurgaon

Scheduled

Kingfisher Airlines

KFR

IT

KINGFISHER

May-05

Mumbai

Scheduled

Invision Air

Mar-11

Mumbai

Non-Scheduled

Jagson Airlines

JGN

JA

JAGSON

Nov-91

Delhi

Scheduled

Jet Airways

JAI

9W

JET AIRWAYS

May-93

Mumbai

Scheduled

Quikjet Cargo

FQA

QO,

QUIKJET

Feb-12

Bangalore

Cargo

SpiceJet

SEJ

SG

SPICEJET

May 2005[7]

Chennai

Scheduled

TajAir

(as Megapode)[8]

Mumbai

Non-Scheduled

Ventura Airconnect

AIRCONNECT

Jul-11

Gurgaon

Non-Scheduled

1996

Nov-93

ROLE OF ICAO

 ICAO is the specialised United Nations agency

established by the Convention on International Civil
Aviation,
otherwise
known
as
the
"Chicago
Convention", signed in 1944.
The UK was a founding member and continues to play
a leading role amongst the now 190 Contracting States
and on the 36 member Council.
It codifies the principles and techniques of international
air navigation and fosters the planning and
development of international air transport to ensure
safe and orderly growth. Its headquarters are located in
the Quartier International of Montreal, Quebec,
Canada.

 The ICAO Council adopts standards and

recommended
practices
concerning
air
navigation, its infrastructure, flight inspection,
prevention of unlawful interference, and
facilitation of border-crossing procedures for
international civil aviation.
In addition, the ICAO defines the protocols for
air accident investigation followed by transport
safety authorities in countries signatory to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation,
commonly known as the Chicago Convention.

HISTORY
The forerunner to the ICAO was the International
Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN). It held its first
convention in 1903 in Berlin, Germany but no
agreements were reached among the eight
countries that attended.
At the second convention in 1906, also held in
Berlin, 27 countries attended. The third convention,
held in London in 1912 allocated the first radio
callsigns for use by aircraft.
ICAN remained in operation until 1945, when the
Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization
(PICAO) replaced it. In 1947 PICAO became ICAO

ROLE OF ICAO
The ICAO standardizes certain functions for use in the
airline industry, such as the Aeronautical Message Handling
System (AMHS), making it a standards organization.
Each country should have an accessible Aeronautical
Information Publication (AIP), based on standards defined
by the ICAO, containing information essential to air
navigation.
Countries are required to update their AIP manuals every
28 days and so provide definitive regulations, procedures
and information for each country about airspace and
aerodromes.
The ICAO's standards also dictate that temporary hazards
to aircraft are regularly published using NOTAMs.

 The ICAO defines an International Standard Atmosphere (also known

as ICAO Standard Atmosphere), a model of the standard variation of
pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity with altitude in the
Earth's atmosphere.
ICAO standardizes machine-readable passports worldwide. This
enables border controllers and other law enforcement agents to
process such passports quickly, without having to input the
information manually into a computer.
ICAO publishes Doc 9303 Machine Readable Travel Documents, the
technical standard for machine-readable passports.
A more recent standard is for biometric passports. These contain
biometrics to authenticate the identity of travellers. The passport's
critical information is stored on a tiny RFID computer chip, much like
information stored on smartcards.
Like some smartcards, the passport book design calls for an
embedded contactless chip that is able to hold digital signature data
to ensure the integrity of the passport and the biometric data.

 Radio-frequency identification
(RFID)

 Another area in which the ICAO is active

is infrastructure management, including
Communication, Navigation, Surveillance
/ Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM)
systems,
which
employ
digital
technologies (e.g., satellite systems with
various levels of automation) in order to
maintain a seamless global air traffic
management system.

Registered code
Both ICAO and IATA have their own airport and airline
code systems.
ICAO uses 4-letter airport codes (vs. IATA's 3-letter codes).
The ICAO code is based on the region and country of the
airportfor example, Charles de Gaulle Airport has an
ICAO code of LFPG, where L indicates Southern Europe, F,
France, PG, Paris de Gaulle.
In most of the world, the ICAO and IATA codes are
unrelated; for example, Charles de Gaulle Airport has an
IATA code of CDG .
Note that not all airports are assigned codes in both
systemsfor example, airports that do not have airline
service may not need an IATA code.

 ICAO also assigns 3-letter airline codes (vs. the more-familiar 2letter IATA codesfor example, UAL vs. UA for United Airlines).
ICAO also provides telephony designators to aircraft operators
worldwide, a one- or two-word designator used on the radio,
usually, but not always, similar to the aircraft operator name. For
example, the identifier for Japan Airlines International is JAL and
the designator is Japan Air.
Thus, a Japan Airlines flight numbered 111 would be written as
"JAL111" and pronounced "Japan Air One One One" on the radio.
ICAO maintains the standards for aircraft registration ("tail
numbers"), including the alphanumeric codes that identify the
country of registration. For example, airplanes registered in the
United States have tail numbers starting with N.
ICAO is also responsible for issuing alphanumeric aircraft type
codes containing two to four characters. These codes provide
the identification that is typically used in flight plans. The Boeing
747 would use B741, B742, B743, etc., depending on the
particular variant.

Aviation
Aviation is the design, development,
production, operation, and use of
aircraft, especially heavier-than-air
aircraft.
Aviation is derived from avis, the Latin
word for bird.
Civil aviation includes all non-military
flying, both general aviation and
scheduled air transport.

Civil aviation
Civil aviation is one of two major
categories of flying, representing all nonmilitary
aviation,
both
private
and
commercial.
Civil aviation includes two major categories:
Scheduled air transport, including all
passenger and cargo flights operating on
regularly-scheduled routes; and
General aviation (GA), including all other
civil flights, private or commercial

There are five major manufacturers of

civil transport aircraft (in alphabetical
order):

Airbus, based in Europe

Boeing, based in the United States
Bombardier, based in Canada
Embraer, based in Brazil
United Aircraft Corporation, based in
Russia

Types of military aviation

Fighter aircraft's primary function is to destroy other aircraft.
(e.g. Sopwith Camel, A6M Zero, F-15, MiG-29, Su-27, and F-22).
Ground attack aircraft are used against tactical earth-bound
targets. (e.g. Junkers Stuka, A-10, Il-2, J-22 Orao, AH-64 and Su25).
Bombers are generally used against more strategic targets,
such as factories and oil fields. (e.g. Zeppelin, Tu-95, Mirage IV,
and B-52).
Transport aircraft are used to transport hardware and
personnel. (e.g. C-17 Globemaster III, C-130 Hercules and Mil
Mi-26).
Surveillance and reconnaissance aircraft obtain information
about enemy forces. (e.g. Rumpler Taube, Mosquito, U-2, OH-58
and MiG-25R)

 Although scheduled air transport is the larger

operation in terms of passenger numbers,
GA is larger in the number of flights.
All scheduled air transport is commercial, but
general aviation can be either commercial or
private.
Normally, the pilot, aircraft, and operator
must
all
be
authorized
to
perform
commercial operations through separate
commercial licensing, registration, and
operation certificates.

General aviation
General aviation commonly refers to that part
of the aviation industry that engages in
activity other than scheduled commercial
airline activity.

This may include charter operators,

aeromedical operators, agricultural aviation
businesses,
aviation-based
fire-fighting
services, training and aerial work such as
aerial photography and surveying.
It also includes private, business, recreational
and sports aviation activity and supporting
businesses such as maintenance providers

General aviation
General aviation covers a large range of
activities,
both
commercial
and
noncommercial, including
private flying,
flight training,
air ambulance,
police aircraft,
aerial firefighting,
gliding,
skydiving, and many others.
Experimental aircraft, light-sport aircraft and
very light jets have emerged in recent years
as new trends in general aviation.

 Owner

Factors affecting General

aviation

ECONOMY
FUEL PRICES
MODERN AIRPORTS
PRODUCT LIABILITY INSURANCE
TAX REFORM ACT
FINALLY FOREIGN MANUFACTURERS
HAVE DOMINATED MARKET IN A
MUCH BIGGER WAY.

Airline management and organization

Management
Managementinbusinessand organizations means
to coordinate the efforts of people to accomplish
goals andobjectivesusing available resources
efficiently and effectively.
Management
comprisesplanning,organizing,staffing,leadingor
directing,
andcontrollinganorganizationor
initiative to accomplish a goal.
Resourcingencompasses the deployment and
manipulation
of
humanresources,financialresources,technological
resources, andnatural resources.

FUNCTIONS OF
MANAGEMENT

PLANNING
ORGANISING
STAFFING
DIRECTING
CONTROLLING

PLANNING
Planning is deciding in advance what
to do, when to do, and how to do.
It bridges the gap from where we are
and where we want to be.
Planning is a systematic thinking about
ways and means for accomplishment
of pre-determined goals
It also helps in avoiding confusion
,uncertainties ,risks ,wastages etc.

PLANNING
Goals should be established for the
company as a whole and for each
administration, department as well
as individual activities.
Company wide goal
Administration or department goals
Individual goals

ORGANISING
ORGANISING may be process of logically
grouping
activities
and
establishing
working relationship that enables the
employees and the entire unit to work with
maximum efficiency and effectiveness.
ORGANISING as a process involves

Identification of activities
Classification of grouping of activities
Assignment of duties
Coordinating
authority
and
responsibility
relationship

STAFFING
STAFFING involves stationing people
to work in the positions provided
for/by the organisation structure.
The main purpose of staffing is to put
right man on right job.
STAFFING involves

Manpower power planning

Recruitment, selection and placement
Training and development
Promotions and transfer.

DIRECTING
It includes assigning task and ordering,
telling and instructing sub-ordinates
on what to do and perhaps how to do
it.
DIRECTION has following elements
Supervision
Motivation
Leadership
communication

Qualities of a Leader

Physical appearance
Vision and foresight
Intelligence
Communicative skills
Knowledge of work
Sense of responsibility
Self confidence and will power
Humanist
Empathy

CONTROLLING
CONTROLLING is the measuring and
correcting the activities of sub-ordinates to
ensure the events confirm to plan.
CONTROLLING is the process of checking
whether or not proper progress id being
made towards the objectives and goals and
acting if necessary , to correct any
deviations.
Controlling has following steps

Establishment of standard performance

Measurement of actual performance
Comparition
Corrective action.

USES OF AIRCRAFT

Business aviation
Personal flying
Instructional flying
Commercial and industrial aviation
Other flying

Business aviation
Business aircraft use
Corporate aircraft use

It operates in all types of engines

Commercial and industrial aviation

Agricultural applications
Aerial photography
Sight seeing
Survey
Fire fighting
Wild life conservation
Police traffic control
Aerial mapping

USE OF AIRPORTS
private use airports
Public use publicly owned airports
Public use privately owned airports

ORGANISATION
Organisation is a plan for bringing
together the resources of the firm

Staff administration

Finance and property administration

Information services
Personnel
Medical administration
Legal administration
Corporate communications
administration
Economic planning

Finance and property administration

Formulates policies for financing of
all activities in the airline.
Safeguarding
facilities and property which
involves the administration of all
owned and leased property and
equipment.
Purchasing and stores,which is multimillion dollar by itself

Information services
This is responsible for designing and
maintaining the data communication
network within the airline.
In this administration, includes
system analysts who is responsible
for analysing how computer data
processing can be applied to specific
user problem and provide the
solution.

Personnel
The primary goal of the personnel
administration is to maintain a
mutually satisfactory relationship
between management and
employes.

Medical administration
The medical department provides
health services to all employees
through physical exams and
emergency treatment.

Legal administration
This administration is responsible for
handling of all legal matters
including
Claims against the company of
others
Injury to person.

Corporate communications administration

Most announcement regarding

company activities
Weather caused flight cancellation
Latest traffic and tariff
Financial statistics

Economic planning
The basic function of the Economic
planning
is to plan and control the factors
that affect the economy of the
company

Line departments
Line departments are those areas
that the directly involved in
producing and selling air
transportation
They include following administration
Flight operations
Engineering and flight maintenance
Marketing and services