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    6 Learning 2

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    Shivani Narayan
    Learning involves acquiring new knowledge and behaviors through experience that leads to changes in behavior. There are several theories of how learning occurs, including behavioral theories like classical and operant conditioning proposed by Pavlov and Skinner, and cognitive social learning theory proposed by Bandura which emphasizes learning through observation and modeling. Kolb's learning cycle model describes four stages of learning - concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. Individuals have different learning styles that are better suited to different stages of the learning cycle.

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    6 Learning 2

    Uploaded by

    Shivani Narayan
    21 views14 pages
    Learning involves acquiring new knowledge and behaviors through experience that leads to changes in behavior. There are several theories of how learning occurs, including behavioral theories like classical and operant conditioning proposed by Pavlov and Skinner, and cognitive social learning theory proposed by Bandura which emphasizes learning through observation and modeling. Kolb's learning cycle model describes four stages of learning - concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. Individuals have different learning styles that are better suited to different stages of the learning cycle.

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    about learning

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    6 Learning 2 (1)

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    Learning involves acquiring new knowledge and behaviors through experience that leads to changes in behavior. There are several theories of how learning occurs, including behavioral theories like classical and operant conditioning proposed by Pavlov and Skinner, and cognitive social learning theory proposed by Bandura which emphasizes learning through observation and modeling. Kolb's learning cycle model describes four stages of learning - concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. Individuals have different learning styles that are better suited to different stages of the learning cycle.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    21 views14 pages

    6 Learning 2

    Uploaded by

    Shivani Narayan
    Learning involves acquiring new knowledge and behaviors through experience that leads to changes in behavior. There are several theories of how learning occurs, including behavioral theories like classical and operant conditioning proposed by Pavlov and Skinner, and cognitive social learning theory proposed by Bandura which emphasizes learning through observation and modeling. Kolb's learning cycle model describes four stages of learning - concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. Individuals have different learning styles that are better suited to different stages of the learning cycle.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    MOB 9

    Learning and performance

    Learning
    Learning is a change in behavior
    acquired through experience
    Process
    It may begin with developing knowledge
    about a subject
    Which then leads to change in behavior
    Alternatively
    Behaviorist approach to learning
    observable behavior is a function of its
    consequences it stems from
    Classical conditioning
    Operant conditioning

    Cont
    Learning may be defined as the process of
    acquiring, assimilating, and internalizing
    cognitive, motor or behavioral inputs for their
    effective and varied use when required,
    leading to an enhanced capability for further
    self-monitored learning.
    Steps in learning
    Acquiring of new input in terms of knowledge and
    understanding
    Assimilation of new input (retaining it for long time)
    Not a collection of various inputs alone, if they
    hang independent of each other but internalizing
    of new inputs and they should become the part of
    the individuals personality

    Cont
    The acquired inputs after internalization should
    be available to the individual for their effective
    use when the need arises
    Learning should have transfer value. What one
    has learned in one field should be able to apply
    and use in another field. This would mean being
    creative. Thus there should be continuous
    enrichment of knowledge and practice. This way
    learning must contribute to creativity
    It should increase a persons capability for
    learning more on his or her own. Initial learning
    organizes one self to further learn on his own

    Stimulus Response
    Theories
    Classical conditioning
    It is a process of modifying behavior
    By paring a conditioned stimulus with an
    unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned
    response
    When a stimulus gets associated with another neutral
    phenomenon, the neutral phenomenon acquires the
    quality of the original stimulus to get the desired
    response
    Tested with Dogs by Ivan Pavlov, but humans are more complex
    and less amenable to simple cause and effect conditioning
    second, the environment in organizations are more complex and
    not very amenable to single stimulus response manipulations
    Third, complex human decision making can override simple
    conditioning

    Cont
    Operant conditioning
    Skinner felt stimulus did not occupy specific place as an
    independent variable. He focused on the present not on the
    past
    His focus was on the operants freely emitted behaviors, which
    operate upon the environment, and which are in turn, controlled by their
    environmental consequences, i.e. the events that follow their emission can
    increase or decrease their future probability of occurrences. Operants

    are learned behavior and can be distinguished from


    respondents (a respondent is a behavior under the control of prior

    eliciting stimuli and is a part of the individuals biological equipment of a


    respondent, for example a knee jerk is an example of a respondent)

    Operant analysis if the contingency relationship between an


    operant and the events that follow it
    Os operant conditioning is a simple feedback process: if a
    reward or reinforcement follows the response to a stimulus,
    then the response becomes more probable in future

    Cont
    It is the process of modifying behavior by following
    specific behaviors with positive or negative
    consequences
    The behavior is shaped through three strategies
    Reinforcement
    To develop desirable behavior by either bestowing positive
    consequences or withholding negative consequences
    (promotion for corrupt officer)

    Punishment
    To weaken undesirable behavior by punishing a person for following
    undesirable behavior

    Extinction
    To weaken a behavior by attaching no consequences to it. Most
    effective when complemented with positive reinforcement for desirable
    behavior

    Fred Luthans used organizational behavior


    modifications which employ three types of
    consequences financial reinforcement, nonfinancial
    reinforcement and social reinforcement

    Reinforcement theory
    Positive reinforcement
    Negative reinforcement
    When a manager withhold a negative
    consequence after a desirable behaviour

    Punishment
    Extinction

    Banduras Social Learning


    Theory
    This theory emphasizes the importance of observing
    and modeling behaviors, attitudes and emotional
    reactions of the others
    Learning occurs when we observe other people and
    model their behavior we form an idea and on later
    occasions this coded information serves as guideline
    for taking actions
    Human behavior is a continuous reciprocal
    interaction between cognitive, behavioral and
    environmental influences
    Component of observational learning are
    (employees ape their senior)

    Attention, including modeled events and observer


    characteristics
    Retention, including symbolic coding, cognitive
    organizations, symbolic rehearsal, motor rehearsal
    Motor reproduction (capacity to reproduce),
    Motivation

    Cont
    Principles of Banduras theory is
    Organising and rehearsing the modelled
    behaviour symbolically and then enacting
    them overtly helps to achieve the highest
    level of observational learning
    Individuals are more likely to adopt a
    modelled behaviour if it results in outcomes
    they value
    Individuals are more likely to adopt a
    modelled behaviour if the model is similar to
    the observer and has admired status and the
    behaviour has functional value

    Cognitive Theories of
    Learning
    Based on Gestalt school of thought and draws
    on Jungs theory of personality differences
    Each person has a preferred mode of gathering
    information and a preferred mode of evaluating
    and making decisions about that information
    Introvert learn best alone while Extrovert learn
    best by exchanging ideas
    Intuitive thinker may want to skim research reports
    about implementing total quality programs and
    then, based on hunches, decide how to apply the
    research findings to the organization while
    feeler may prefer viewing videotaped interviews
    with pSensing eople that implemented quality
    programs

    Kolbs Learning Cycle learning


    cycles of adults
    Concrete
    Experienc
    e (CE)
    Reflective
    Observatio
    n
    (Processing
    ) (RO)

    Active
    Experimentati
    on (Applying)
    (AE)
    Abstract
    Conceptualiza
    tion
    (Generalizing)
    (AC)

    Cont
    Four dominant type of learning style
    Diverger
    He is best at CE and RO
    His greatest strength lies in his imaginative ability
    He excels in the ability to view concrete situations from many
    perspectives
    They perform better in situations that call for generation of ideas
    such as brainstorming
    They are interested in people and tend to be imaginative and
    emotional

    Assimilator

    Dominant learning abilities are AC and RO


    His greatest strength lies in creating theoretical models
    Excels in inductive reasoning
    Less interested in people and more concerned for abstract
    concepts; but less concerned with the practical use of theories
    More characteristics of basic sciences rather than applied sciences
    This learning style is found in research and planning department

    Cont
    Converger
    Their dominant learning abilities are AC and AE
    His greatest strength lies in the practical application of
    ideas
    He does best where there is single correct answer
    They are relatively unemotional, preferring to deal with things
    rather than people
    This learning style is characteristics of many engineers

    Accommodator
    Best at CE and AE
    Greatest strength lies in doing things, carrying out plans and
    experiments and involving himself into new experiences
    He is more of a risk taker
    He tend to fit in situations where he must adapt himself to
    specific immediate circumstances. In situations where the
    theory or plans do not fit the facts, he will most likely discard
    the plan or theory
    Often found in marketing or sales

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