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    Derivation For The Expression of Fmuf For Flat Earth

    Uploaded by

    Manjunath Achari
    This document defines key concepts for radio wave propagation, including: 1) Virtual height, which is calculated using the difference in time between direct and reflected signals received from ionized layers; 2) Skip distance, which is the shortest distance radio waves are returned to Earth after refracting off ionosphere layers; 3) Line-of-sight distance, which is the maximum distance between transmitter and receiver with a direct path not blocked by the Earth's curvature.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Derivation For The Expression of Fmuf For Flat Earth

    Uploaded by

    Manjunath Achari
    110 views9 pages
    This document defines key concepts for radio wave propagation, including: 1) Virtual height, which is calculated using the difference in time between direct and reflected signals received from ionized layers; 2) Skip distance, which is the shortest distance radio waves are returned to Earth after refracting off ionosphere layers; 3) Line-of-sight distance, which is the maximum distance between transmitter and receiver with a direct path not blocked by the Earth's curvature.

    Original Description:

    Wave Propagation

    Original Title

    Definitionsof Sky

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    This document defines key concepts for radio wave propagation, including: 1) Virtual height, which is calculated using the difference in time between direct and reflected signals received from ionized layers; 2) Skip distance, which is the shortest distance radio waves are returned to Earth after refracting off ionosphere layers; 3) Line-of-sight distance, which is the maximum distance between transmitter and receiver with a direct path not blocked by the Earth's curvature.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    110 views9 pages

    Derivation For The Expression of Fmuf For Flat Earth

    Uploaded by

    Manjunath Achari
    This document defines key concepts for radio wave propagation, including: 1) Virtual height, which is calculated using the difference in time between direct and reflected signals received from ionized layers; 2) Skip distance, which is the shortest distance radio waves are returned to Earth after refracting off ionosphere layers; 3) Line-of-sight distance, which is the maximum distance between transmitter and receiver with a direct path not blocked by the Earth's curvature.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Derivation for the expression of Fmuf

    for Flat Earth

    Virtual Height

    Caluculation of Virtual
    Height

    Virtual Hieght is different for different


    layers
    A short duration pulse of RF energy is
    transmitted vertically towards the layers.
    The Rx receives both the signals: Direct
    signal from tx and reflected signal from the
    ionized layers.
    Using Echo principle the VH is caluculated.
    Alternatively the direct and reflected
    signals at the receiver are connected to a
    oscilloscope, gives spacing between the
    two pulses on the time axis.
    Instrument : IONOSONDE Pulse duration
    150micr sec. Calculate the time.

    T
    h C c velocity of light
    2

    Skip Distance
    A skip distance is the distance a radio wave
    travels, usually including a hop in the
    ionosphere.
    A skip distance is a distance on the Earth's
    surface between the two points where
    radio waves from a transmitter, refracted
    downwards by different layers of the
    ionosphere, fall.
    It also represents how far a radio wave has
    travelled per hop on the Earth's surface, for
    radio waves such as the short wave (SW) radio
    signals that employ continuous reflections for
    transmission.

    The skip distance is the shortest


    distance from a transmitter, measured
    along the surface of the Earth, at which
    a sky wave of fixed frequency (more
    than fc) will be returned to Earth.

    When the angle of incidence is made quite large, as for


    ray 1 of the below figure, the sky wave returns to
    ground at a long distance from the transmitter.
    As this angle is slowly reduced, naturally the wave
    returns closer and closer to the transmitter, as shown
    by rays 2 and 3.
    If the angle of incidence is now made significantly less
    than that of ray 3, the ray will be too close to the
    normal to be returned to Earth.

    It may be bent noticeably, as for ray 4, or only


    slightly, as for ray 5.
    In either case the bending will be insufficient
    to return the wave, unless the frequency
    being used for communication is less than the
    critical frequency {which is most unlikely}; in
    that case everything is returned to Earth.
    Finally, if the angle of incidence is only just
    smaller than that of ray 3, the wave may be
    returned, but at a distance farther than the
    return point of ray 3:a ray such as this ray 6
    of below figure.
    Ray 3 is incident at an angle, which results in
    its being returned as close to the transmitter
    as a wave of this frequency can be.
    Accordingly, the distance is the skip distance.

    Space Wave Propagation


    Range of Space Wave Propagation
    Or
    Line of Sight Distance

    LOS is that distance between the Tx and Rx, in which if a


    direct ray passes from the Tx to the Rx without being
    intercepted by the bulge in the earth surface considering
    the .
    The Tx antenna must see atleast the top of the Rx
    Antenna.

    Let d be the distance between the Tx


    and Rx.
    ht and hr be the hieghts
    Line of sight distance d=d1+d2
    r-radius of the earth-6370KM
    2
    2
    2
    d1 From
    ht r triangle
    r 2 ht rABO
    2ht r and
    r 2 CBO
    2rht mts
    2
    2
    2
    d 2 hr r r hr r 2 2hr r r 2 2rhr mts
    d 2rht 2rhr 2r

    d 2 * 6370 *103

    d 12.74 *106

    ht hr

    ht hr

    d 3.57 ht hr KM

    ht hr mts

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