Modul

Perpindahan Kalor
Dalam Sistem Pendingin

Lab. Teknik Pendingin dan Tata Udara

Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Indonesia

CONDUCTION
Mechanism of heat transfer through a solid or
fluid in the absence any fluid motion.
CONVECTION
Mechanism of heat transfer through a fluid in the
presence of bulk fluid motion
Natural (free) Convection
Forced Convection
(depending on how the fluid motion is initiated)

The amount of heat Q conducted through the bar from the warmer end to the cooler end depends on
a number of factors:
1.

Q is proportional to the time t during which conduction takes place (Q t).

2.

2. Q is proportional to the temperature difference T between the ends of the bar (Q T).

3. Q is proportional to the cross-sectional area A of the bar (Q A).

4. Q is inversely proportional to the length L of the bar (Q 1/L).
Q

(A T)t/L

Since
k= QL/ t A T
the SI unit for
thermal conductivity is Jm/(sm2C) or J/
(smC). The SI unit of power is the joule
per second (J/s) or watt (W), so the thermal
conductivity is also given in units of W/
(mC).

CONDUCTION OF HEAT THROUGH A MATERIAL

The heat Q conducted during a time t through a bar of
length L and cross-sectional area A is

(kAT )t
Q
L
where T is the temperature difference between the ends
of the bar and k is the thermal conductivity of the
material.
SI Unit of Thermal Conductivity: J/(smC)

Styrofoam is an excellent
thermal insulator because
it contains many small,
dead-air spaces. These
small spaces inhibit heat
transfer by convection
currents, and air itself has
a very low thermal
conductivity.

Example:Layered Insulation
One wall of a house consists
of 0.019-m-thick plywood
backed by 0.076-m-thick
insulation. The temperature
at the inside surface is 25.0
C, while the temperature at
the outside surface is 4.0 C,
both being constant.

The thermal conductivities of the insulation and the

plywood are, respectively, 0.030 and 0.080 J/(smC),
and the area of the wall is 35 m2. Find the heat conducted
through the wall in one hour (a) with the insulation and
(b) without the insulation.
(a)

(b)

Conceptual
An Iced-up Refrigerator

Check Your Understanding 1

Two bars are placed between plates whose temperatures are Thot
and Tcold (see the drawing). The thermal conductivity of bar 1 is
six times that of bar 2 (k1 = 6k2), but bar 1 has only one-third the
cross-sectional area (
). Ignore any heat loss through
the sides of the bars. Which statement below correctly describes
the heat conducted by the bars in a given amount of time?

a. Bar 1 conducts 1/4 the heat as does bar 2;

b. Bar 1 conducts 1/8 the heat as does bar 2;
c. Bar 1 conducts twice the heat as does bar 2;
d. Bar 1 conducts four times the heat as does bar 2;
e. Both bars conduct the same amount of heat;

CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS

Viscous-inviscid
Internal flow- External flow
Open-closed channel
Compressible- Incompressible
Laminar- Turbulent
Natural- Forced
Steady- Unsteady
One-,two-,three-dimensional

VISCOSITY
When two fluid layers move relative to each other, a
friction force develops between them and the slower layer
tries to slow down the faster layer.
internal resistance to flow
cohesive forces between the molecules in liquid
molecular collisions in gases.
Viscous flows: viscous effects are significant
Inviscid flow regions: viscous forces are negligibly small
compared to inertial or pressure forces.
measure of stickness or resistance to deformation
1. Kinematic viscosity
2. Dynamic viscosity

VISCOSITY DEPENDS ON
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
For liquids dependence of
pressure is negligible
For gases kinematic viscosity
depends on pressure since its
relation to density

Dynamic viscosity
(kg/m.s or poise)

Kinematic
viscosity, m2/s or
stroke

Convection heat transfer

- Dynamic viscosity
- Thermal conductivity
- Density
- Specific heat
- Fluid velocity
- Geometry
- Roughness
- Type of fluid flow

NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING

Q conv hAS (TS T )

(W)

Convection heat transfer coefficient

(W/m2.oC)
The rate of heat transfer between a solid
surface and a fluid per unit surface area per
unit temperature difference

GENERAL THERMAL ANALYSIS

Q conv hAS (TS T )

Q m C p (Te Ti )

FORCED CONVECTION
LAMINAR FLOW
Smooth streamlines
Highly- ordered motion
(highly viscous fluids in small pipes)
TURBULENT FLOW
Velocity fluctuations
Highly-disordered motion
TRANSITIONAL FLOW

REYNOLDS NUMBER
Flow Regime:
Geometry
Surface roughness
Flow velocity
Surface temperature
type of fluid

Ratio of the inertial forces to

viscous forces in the fluid

m D m D
Re

Mean flow velocity

Characteristic length of
the geometry

Kinematic viscosity

Definition of Reynolds number

Critical Reynolds number (Recr) for

flow in a round pipe
Re < 2300 laminar
2300 Re 4000 transitional
Re > 4000 turbulent
Note that these values are
approximate.
For a given application, Recr
depends upon
Pipe roughness
Vibrations
Upstream fluctuations,
disturbances (valves, elbows,
etc. that may disturb the flow)

HYDRAULIC DIAMETER

For non-round pipes,

the hydraulic diameter
Dh = 4Ac/P
Ac = cross-section area
P = wetted perimeter

Velocity
No-slip
condition

THERMAL BOUNDARY
LAYER
Flow region over the
surface in which the
temperature
variation in the
direction normal to
the surface
Velocity profile
influences
temperature profile

VELOCITY
A flow field is best characterized by the velocity
distribution, and velocity may vary in three dimension

( x, y, z ) in rectangular (r , , z ) in cylinderical coordinates

One
dimensional
flow in a
circular pipe

NUSSELT NUMBER
(Dimensionless
number)

hLc
Nu
k

q cond

T
k
L

q conv hT

q conv

q cond

hT
hL

Nu
kT / L
k

PRANDTL NUMBER
Boundary layer theory
molecular diffusivity of momentum
Pr
molecular diffusivity of heat

Pr

C p
k

C p

Pr<<1 heat diffuses very quickly in liquid metals, tbl thicker

Pr>>1 heat diffuses very slowly in oils relative to momentum,
tbl thinner than vbl

PARALLEL FLOW OVER FLAT PLATES

xcr
Re cr
5 105

hL
Nu
0.664 Re 0L.5 Pr 1 / 3
k
Nu

hL
0.037 Re 0L.8 Pr 1 / 3
k

Re L 5 10 5
0.6 Pr 60

laminar
turbulent

5 10 5 Re L 10 7

NATURAL CONVECTION
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
Coefficient of volume
expansion

g (Ts T ) L3C
GrL
2

Ra L GrL Pr
hLC
Nu
CRa Ln
k

viscosity

2012 HVAC Systems and Equipment,

Ch.23

AIR-COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING COILS

Direct Expansion vs Chilled Water Air Cooling Coils
DX Coil
Direct Expansion Coil (DX Coil): berisi refrigerant yang mudah menguap.
Disebut dengan evaporator karena perubahan fase refrigerant didalam coil
(proses penguapan) tidak membutuhkan perubahan suhu proses latent heat transfer.
Suhu penguapan refrigerant tergantung pada tekanan.
Chilled Water Air Cooling Coil
Chilled Water Air Cooling Coil : berisi air atau air + larutan anti beku "brine".
Perpindahan kalor yang melintas coil dan fin suatu chilled water coil tergantung
pada kenaikan suhu air.
Tidak ada perubahan fase fluida.
Sensible heat transfer process.

SUSUNAN KOIL
Pemilihan coil dibatasi oleh jenis air handling equipment yang telah
ditentukan/dipilih.
Contoh :
Pada mesin pendingin jenis "package", fan, filtration, cooling coil, compressor,
condensing coil dan semua perpipaan beserta kelengkapannya telah dirakit
menjadi satu kesatuan oleh pabrik.
Pemilihan coil tergantung dari face area dan unit size.
Pada mesin pendingin dengan sistem built up, cooling coil dapat dipilih secara
individual dan kemudian dirakit dilapangan (misalnya air handling unit).
Pemilihan coil secara maksimal dapat dilakukan, yakni dengan memilih coil
rows, fins, circuiting, size dan material yang sesuai peruntukkannya.

Tipe Koil :
prime surface ( bare tubes), misalnya evaporative condenser
extended surfaces (tube + fins), misalnya coil pada mesin pendingin
untuk kenyamanan thermal.
Jenis fin : - spiral
- plate
Bahan tube dan fins :
- aluminium atau tembaga (copper)
- umumnya, bahan tube dari tembaga dan fin terbuat dari aluminium

Corrugated plate fins

Continuous plate fins

Smooth spiral fins
Crimped spiral fins

Fin collar and tube bondings

Spined pipe

Gambar Jenis/tipe fin

Susunan coil :

face area : luas permukaan coil yang dibatasi oleh rumah coil yang dilewati udara (A x B).
(Gambar 7)

kumpulan tube disusun dalam beberapa baris. Penomoran baris dimulai dari arah aliran
udara masuk coil.

jumlah tube dalam baris pertama disebut dengan tube face.

tube sheets : pelat tipis pada kedua ujung coil yang berfungsi sebagai rangka dan
penunjang.
Pada chilled water dan DX coil, fluida keluar melalui return header, dimana diameter
header > diameter tube. Return header pada DX coil disebut juga dengan suction header.
Pada chilled water coil fluida masuk melalui supply header. Biasanya fluida masuk dari
bagian bawah dan keluar dari bagian atas coil.

Pada DX coil fluida masuk melalui distributor

Gambar Tipikal Water Cooling Coil

Gambar Tipikal DX Coil

COIL SELECTION

Job requirementscooling, dehumidifying, and the capacity

required to properly balance with other system components (e.g.,
compressor equipment in the case of direct-expansion coils)
Entering air dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures
Available cooling media and operating temperatures
Space and dimensional limitations
Air and cooling fluid quantities, including distribution and
limitations
Allowable frictional resistances in air circuit (including coils)
Allowable frictional resistances in cooling media piping system
(including coils)
Characteristics of individual coil designs and circuitry possibilities
Individual installation requirements such as type of automatic
control to be used; presence of corrosive atmosphere; design pressures
and durability of tube, fins, and frame material

HEAT TRANSFER
The heat transmission rate of air passing over a clean tube (with
or without extended surface) to a fluid flowing within it is impeded
principally by three thermal resistances:
(1) surface air-side film thermal resistance from the air to the surface
of the exterior fin and tube assembly;
(2) metal thermal resistance to heat conductance through the exterior
fin and tube assembly; and
(3) in-tube fluid side film thermal resistance, which impedes heat flow
between the internal surface of the metal and the fluid flowing within
the tube.
Heat transfer between the cooling medium and the airstream
across a coil is influenced by the following variables:
Temperature difference between fluids
Design and surface arrangement of the coil
Velocity and character of the airstream
Velocity and character of the in-tube coolant

PERFORMANCE OF SENSIBLE COOLING COILS

The performance of sensible cooling coils depends on the following
factors.
The overall coefficient Uo of sensible heat transfer between
airstream and coolant fluid
The mean temperature difference tm between airstream and
coolant fluid
The physical dimensions of and data for the coil (such as coil face
area Aa and total external surface area Ao) with characteristics of
the heat transfer surface
The sensible heat cooling capacity qtd of a given coil is expressed
by the following equation:
(1a)
(1b)

Assuming no extraneous heat losses, the same amount of sensible

heat is lost from the airstream:
(2a)
(2b)

The same amount of sensible heat is absorbed by the coolant; for

a nonvolatile type, it is
(3)

For a nonvolatile coolant in thermal counter flow with the air, the
mean temperature difference in Equation (1a) is expressed as
(4)

The overall heat transfer coefficient Uo for a given coil design,

whether bare-pipe or finned-type, with clean, non fouled surfaces,
consists of the combined effect of three individual heat transfer
coefficients:

The film coefficient fa of sensible heat transfer between air and

the external surface of the coil
The unit conductance 1/Rmd of the coil material (i.e., tube wall,
fins, tube-to-fin thermal resistance)
The film coefficient fr of heat transfer between the internal coil
surface and the coolant fluid within the coil

For a bare-pipe coil, the overall coefficient of heat transfer for

sensible cooling (without dehumidification) can be expressed by a
simplified basic equation:
(5a)

(Negligible, if pipe or tube walls are thin and of high-conductivity material)

Then, the overall coefficient for bare pipe in its simplest form is:
(5b)

For finned coils:

(5c)

The fin effectiveness is defined as:

(6)

For typical cooling surface designs, the surface ratio B ranges from
about 1.03 to 1.15 for bare-pipe coils and from 10 to 30 for finned
coils.

The concept of effectiveness

For counterflow heat exchangers :
(7a)

with

or

with
and

(7b)

(7c)

(7d)

(7e)

Example 1.
Standard air flowing at a mass rate equivalent to 4.2 m3/s is to
be cooled from 29.5 to 24C, using 2.5 kg/s chilled water supplied at
10C in thermal counter flow arrangement. Assuming an air face
velocity of Va= 3 m/s and no air dehumidification, calculate coil face
area Aa, sensible cooling capacity qtd, required heat transfer surface area
Ao, coil row depth Nr, and coil air-side pressure drop pstfor a clean,
non fouled, thin-walled bare copper tube surface design for which the
following physical and performance data have been predetermined:
B= surface ratio = 1.07
cp= 1.0 kJ/(kgK)
cr= 4.18 kJ/(kgK)
Fs= (external surface area)/(face area)(rows deep) = 1.34
fa= 85 W/(m2K)
fr= 4500 W/(m2K)
pst/Nr= 6.7 Pa/number of coil rows
a= 1.20 kg/m3

Solution: Calculate the coil face area required.

Aa= 4.2/3 =1.4 m2
Neglecting the effect of tube wall, from Equation (5b),

From Equations (2a) and (2b), the sensible cooling capacity is

qtd= 1000 x 1.20 x 1.4 x 3 x 1.0(29.5 24) = 27.700 W
From Equation (3),
tr2 = 10 + 27.700/(1000 x 2.5 x 4.18) = 12.7C
From Equation (4)
From Equations (1a) and (1b), the surface area required is
Ao= 27.700/(83.3 x 15.4) = 21.6 m2 external surface
From Equation (1b), the required row depth is
Nr= 21.6/(1.34 x 1.4) = 11.5 rows deep

The installed 1.4 m2 coil face, 12 rows deep, slightly exceeds the
required capacity. The air-side pressure drop for the installed row depth
is then:
pst= (pst/Nr)Nr= 6.7 x 12 = 80 Pa at 20C

Example 2.
An air-cooling coil using a finned tube-type heat transfer surface
has physical data as follows:
Aa= 1.0 m2
Ao= 75 m2 external
B= surface ratio = 20
Fs= (external surface area)/(face area)(rows deep) = 27
Nr= 3 rows deep
Air at a face velocity of Va= 4 m/s and 35C entering air temperature
is to be cooled by 1.0 L/s of well water supplied at 13C. Calculate
the sensible cooling capacity qtd, leaving air temperature ta2, leaving
water temperature tr2, and air-side pressure drop pst. Assume clean
and non fouled surfaces, thermal counter flow between air and water, no
air dehumidification, standard barometric air pressure, and that the following
data are available or can be predetermined:
cp= 1.0 kJ/(kgK)
cr= 4.18 kJ/(kgK)
fa= 97 W/(m2K)
fr= 2800 W/(m2K)
= fin effectiveness = 0.9
pst/Nr= 55 Pa/number of coil rows

Solution: From Equation (5c),

qt
= total refrigeration load of cooling and dehumidifying coil,
kJ/kg
Aa = coil face or frontal area, m2
Uo = overall sensible heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2K)
Fs = coil core surface area parameter = (external surface
area)/(face area) (no. of rows deep)
Nr = number of coil rows deep in airflow direction, dimensionless
tm = mean effective temperature difference, air dry bulb to coolant
temperature, K
Ao = total external surface area, m2
Va = coil air face velocity at 20C, m/s
Wa = mass flow rate, kg/s
pa = air density = 1.20 kg/m3 at 20C at sea level
cr = specific heat of nonvolatile coolant, kJ/(kgK)
t = temperature, C
f = convection heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2K)
k = thermal conductivity of tube material, W/(mK)
D = tube inside diameter, mm

Ea =
M

air-side effectiveness, dimensionless

= ratio of nonvolatile coolant-to-air temperature changes for
sensible heat cooling coils, dimensionless

Fs = coil core surface area parameter = (external surface area)/(face

area) (no. of rows deep)

Subscripts
1 = condition entering coil
2 = condition leaving coil
a = airstream
td = total heat capacity, dry surface
r = coolant
md = dry metal
mw = wet metal