1 Circuit Theory

ECE590 Electronics &
Microprocessors
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal,
UiTM Shah Alam
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (PO)

PO1
Ability to acquire and

engineering fundamentals.
apply
knowledge
of
COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

CO1 To develop knowledge in the operation simple
electronic circuits : diode and BJT
CO2 To learn and develop knowledge in logic devices and
circuits
CO3 To learn microprocessor system, programming and
simple interface techniques.
CHAPTER 1: CIRCUIT THEORY
Circuit Concepts :
Voltage,
V & Current, I,
Resistance, R; Inductance, L; & Capacitance, C
Circuit Laws :
Ohms
Law,
Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL),
Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL),
Circuit Elements in Series & Parallel,
Thevenins Theorem
What is voltage and current?
Voltage is the measure of specific potential

energy (potential energy per unit charge)
between two locations.
When a voltage source is connected to a circuit,
the voltage will cause a uniform flow of electrons
through that circuit called a current.
Analogy:
Concept of Voltage & Current
Ohms Law
Ohms Law simply states that current in a

resistive circuit is directly proportional to its
applied voltage and inversely proportional to
its resistance.
Example Ohms Law
Cont..
As with all circuit elements, we need to know how the

current through and voltage across the device are related
Materials with a linear relationship satisfy Ohms law: v
= mi
The slope, m, is equal to the resistance of the element
Ohms Law: v = iR
Voltage Symbols
Series Resistor
I
R1
R2
+ VR1 -
+ VR2 -
Vs
+
VRN
-
RN
- VR3 +
R3
Total Resistance: RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + .. + RN
The supplied power = Total power dissipated by resistors
PT = PR1 + PR2 + PR3 + .. + PRN
VS
I
RT
Parallel Resistor
IT
I1
Vs
R1
I2
R2
I3
RN
1
1
1
1

.......
RT R1 R2
RN
The total current is equal to the total sum of the branch current,
IT = I1 + I2 + .. + IN
Exercise:
0.2941mA
9.66V
4k
6.76V
1.324mA
Kirchoffs Laws
The foundation of circuit analysis is
The defining equations for circuit elements (e.g. Ohms law)

Kirchoffs current law (KCL)
Kirchoffs voltage law (KVL)
The defining equations tell us how the voltage and current

within a circuit element are related
Kirchoffs laws tell us how the voltages and currents in
different branches are related
Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL)
Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL): the algebraic sum

of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is
zero
The sum of currents entering a node is equal to the
sum of the currents leaving a node
Kirchoffs Current Law for Boundaries
Example KCL
Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL): the algebraic sum of

voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero
Voltage drop at each element must be same with the
voltage supply.
v4 + v1 + v2 + v3 = 0
Example KVL
Consider the circuit shown in the figure

above, with the following Parameters:
V1 = 15V
V2 = 7V
R1 = 20
R2 = 5
R3 = 10
Find current through R3 using
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law.
Solution:
From Loop 1 we get:

V1 VR3 VR1 = 0
From Loop 2 we get:
V2 VR3 VR2 = 0
Continue..
It is clear that: from (3)

..... (1)
and
V2 + (I1 I2) * R3 I2 * R2 = 0
Substitute the Above Result into (2)
... (2)
By equating above (1) and (2) we can
eliminate I2 and hence get the following:
... (3)
The Negative sign for IR3 only tells us that

Current IR3 flows in the same direction to I2
direction.
Voltage Divider Rule
The voltage divider is useful in

determining the voltage drop across a
resistor within a series circuit.
Example
Analyze a simple series circuit, determining
the voltage drops across individual
resistors
Current Divider Rule
Current Divider Rule is useful in

determining the current flow through one
branch of parallel circuit.
IT
I1
Vs
+
V1
-
R1
I2
+
V2
-
I1
R2
T
R 1 R2
I2
R1
T
R 1 R2
SHORT CIRCUIT
An element with zero resistance (R = 0) is

called a short circuit
Often just drawn as a wire (line)
OPEN CIRCUIT
Current can only exist when there is a

conductive path (e.g. a length of a wire).
In the circuit shown in the figure above, I = 0,
since there is no conductor between points a
and b. We refer to this as an open circuit,
with infinite resistance (R = )
Thevenins Theorem
Thevenin's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any

linear circuit, no matter how complex, to an equivalent circuit
with just a single voltage source and series resistance
connected to a load
Example
Given the following circuit, determine the

equivalent Thevenins Circuit between points
A & B. Calculate the:
Equivalent
Thevenins Voltage, VTH
Equivalent
Thevenins Resistance, RTH
Example
Step 0: The original circuit
Step 1: Calculating the equivalent output

voltage
Continue..
Step 2: Calculating the equivalent

resistance
Step 3: The equivalent circuit

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ECE590 Electronics &

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (PO)

Ability to acquire and

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

CHAPTER 1: CIRCUIT THEORY

What is voltage and current?

Voltage is the measure of specific potential

Ohms Law simply states that current in a

Example Ohms Law

As with all circuit elements, we need to know how the

The foundation of circuit analysis is

The defining equations for circuit elements (e.g. Ohms law)

The defining equations tell us how the voltage and current

Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL)

Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL): the algebraic sum

Kirchoffs Current Law for Boundaries

Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL): the algebraic sum of

Consider the circuit shown in the figure

From Loop 1 we get:

It is clear that: from (3)

Substitute the Above Result into (2)

The Negative sign for IR3 only tells us that

Voltage Divider Rule

The voltage divider is useful in

Current Divider Rule

Current Divider Rule is useful in

An element with zero resistance (R = 0) is

Current can only exist when there is a

Thevenin's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any

Given the following circuit, determine the

Thevenins Voltage, VTH

Thevenins Resistance, RTH

Step 0: The original circuit

Step 1: Calculating the equivalent output

Step 2: Calculating the equivalent

Step 3: The equivalent circuit

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