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    Inbreeding

    Uploaded by

    Nurul Atiqah
    The document discusses inbreeding and its effects. It defines the inbreeding coefficient F as the probability that the two alleles within an individual are identical by descent. With probability F, an individual will be homozygous, and with probability 1-F the alleles will be combined randomly. Inbreeding increases homozygosity and the frequency of deleterious recessive alleles, leading to inbreeding depression where inbred individuals have lower fitness and survival rates than outbred individuals. This effect is seen in many agricultural crops and wild populations.

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    Inbreeding

    Uploaded by

    Nurul Atiqah
    37 views13 pages
    The document discusses inbreeding and its effects. It defines the inbreeding coefficient F as the probability that the two alleles within an individual are identical by descent. With probability F, an individual will be homozygous, and with probability 1-F the alleles will be combined randomly. Inbreeding increases homozygosity and the frequency of deleterious recessive alleles, leading to inbreeding depression where inbred individuals have lower fitness and survival rates than outbred individuals. This effect is seen in many agricultural crops and wild populations.

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    The document discusses inbreeding and its effects. It defines the inbreeding coefficient F as the probability that the two alleles within an individual are identical by descent. With probability F, an individual will be homozygous, and with probability 1-F the alleles will be combined randomly. Inbreeding increases homozygosity and the frequency of deleterious recessive alleles, leading to inbreeding depression where inbred individuals have lower fitness and survival rates than outbred individuals. This effect is seen in many agricultural crops and wild populations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    37 views13 pages

    Inbreeding

    Uploaded by

    Nurul Atiqah
    The document discusses inbreeding and its effects. It defines the inbreeding coefficient F as the probability that the two alleles within an individual are identical by descent. With probability F, an individual will be homozygous, and with probability 1-F the alleles will be combined randomly. Inbreeding increases homozygosity and the frequency of deleterious recessive alleles, leading to inbreeding depression where inbred individuals have lower fitness and survival rates than outbred individuals. This effect is seen in many agricultural crops and wild populations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    Inbreeding

    Genotype frequencies under


    inbreeding
    The inbreeding coefficient, F
    Prob(the two alleles within an
    individual are IBD) -- identical by
    descent
    Hence, with probability F, both alleles
    in an individual are identical, and
    hence a homozygote
    With probability 1-F, the alleles are
    combined at random

    Identity by descent
    A1A2

    A3A4
    A1A3

    A1A4
    A1A1

    These alleles are identical by descent

    F is the probability that the two


    alleles in an individual are identical
    by descent
    A1A2
    A1A3

    A1A4

    F=?

    A3A4
    A2A4

    A2A4

    Alleles IBD

    A1A1

    F
    p

    A1

    A2

    Alleles IBD

    q
    1-F
    1-F

    A1A1
    A1 A2

    Random mating
    p
    A2 A1

    A2 A2

    A2A2

    Genotype

    Alleles IBD

    Alleles not IBD

    frequency

    A 1A 1

    Fp

    (1-F)p2

    p2 + Fpq

    A2 A1

    (1-F)2pq

    (1-F)2pq

    A2A2

    Fq

    (1-F)q2

    q2 + Fpq

    Inbreeding Depression and Fitness


    traits

    Inbred

    Outbred

    Why do traits associated with fitness


    show inbreeding depression?
    Two competing hypotheses:

    Overdominance Hypothesis: Genetic variance for fitness is


    caused by loci at which heterozygotes are more fit than
    both homozygotes. Inbreeding decreases the frequency of
    heterozygotes, increases the frequency of homozygotes, so
    fitness is reduced.

    Dominance Hypothesis: Genetic variance for fitness is


    caused by rare deleterious alleles that are recessive or
    partly recessive; such alleles persist in populations because
    of recurrent mutation. Most copies of deleterious alleles in
    the base population are in heterozygotes. Inbreeding
    increases the frequency of homozygotes for deleterious
    alleles, so fitness is reduced.

    Agricultural importance of
    heterosis
    Crosses often show high-parent heterosis, wherein the
    F1 not only beats the average of the two parents
    (mid-parent heterosis), it exceeds the best parent.
    Crop

    % planted
    as hybrids

    % yield
    advantage

    Annual
    added
    yield: tons
    55 x 106

    Annual land
    savings

    15

    Annual
    added
    yield: %
    10

    Maize

    65

    Sorghum

    48

    40

    19

    13 x 106

    9 x 106 ha

    Sunflower

    60

    50

    30

    7 x 106

    6 x 106 ha

    Rice

    12

    30

    15 x 106

    6 x 106 ha

    13 x 106 ha

    Pup survival relative to


    Inbreeding
    Inbreeding Coefficient Survival
    < 0.19
    75%
    0.25-0.67
    51%
    > 0.67
    25%

    Survival

    Survival of inbred vs. noninbred deer mice


    1
    0.9
    0.8
    0.7
    0.6
    0.5
    0.4
    0.3
    0.2
    0.1
    0

    Inbred
    Noninbred

    10

    Weeks after Release

    Jimenez et al. 1994

    THE END

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