Materi Structure IV
Materi Structure IV
Materi Structure IV
Pattern
: Question Words + S + V
I dont know
I dont know if she will come to my birthday party.
Noun Clause
3. Are they your classmates?
I wonder
I wonder whether they are my classmates or not.
Noun Clause
Pattern: Whether + S + V
If
Pattern: that + S + V
is obvious.
1.
5.
QUOTED SPEECH
Quoted speech refers to reproducing words exactly as they were originally spoken.
1. Quoting one sentence
2.
3.
4.
5.
REPORTED SPEECH
Reported speech refers using a noun clause to report what someone has said. No
question marks are used.
Quoted speech
1. I watch TV everyday.
2. I am watching TV now.
3. I have watched TV.
4.
I had watched TV.
5. I will watch TV.
6. I am going to watch TV.
7. I can watch TV.
8. I may watch TV.
9. I must watch TV.
10. I have to watch TV.
11. I should watch TV.
12. I ought to watch TV.
13. I might watch TV.
Reported speech
1. She said that she watched TV everyday.
2. She said that she was watching TV.
3. She said that had watched TV.
4. She said that she had watched TV.
5. She said that she would watch TV.
6. She said that she was going to watch TV.
7. She said that she could watch TV.
8. She said that she might watch TV.
9. She said that she had to watch TV.
10. She said that she had to watch TV.
11. She said that she should watch TV.
12. She said that she ought to watch TV.
13. She said that she might watch TV.
Exception
1. Immediate reporting
-What did the teacher just say? I didnt hear him.
- He said he wants us to read chapter four.
2. Later reporting
- I didnt go to class yesterday. Did
Mr. John make any assignment?
3. Reporting a fact or general truth.
The sun rises in the east.
The world is round,
4. The reporting verb is present
I watch TV everyday, she says
I watch TV everyday, she has said
5. Request
May I borrow your book? she
asked.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Adjective Clause is a dependent clause
that modifies a noun.
thing
E.g.
vacation there.
2. The town is small. I grew up there.
3. That is the drawer. I keep my
jewelry there.
4. Monday is the day. We will come
then.
5. July is the month. The weather is
usually hot then.
6. This is the year. The revolution took
place then.
7. A caf is a small restaurant. People
can get a light meal there.
8. Summer is the time of year. The
weather is the hottest then.
9. There came a time. The people had
to spent their money then.
of a verb.
E.g. The man who is sitting on the
chair is Mr. Smiths.
. The man sitting on the chair is Mr.
Smiths.
The book which was written by Mr.
Lea is valuable.
. The book written by Mr. Smiths is
valuable.
The bag which is on the table is
mine.
. The bag on the table is mine.
B. If the adjective clause contains of verb,
the verb is changed to V +ing
E.g. Anyone who wants to come is
welcome.
Anyone wanting to come is welcome.
C. Find out the error (s) in the following sentences and correct them.
1. There are some people in the
GERUNDSANDINVINITIVES
begin
like hate
startlove cant stand
continue prefer cant bear
E.g.
1. It begins raining./It begins to rain
2. He starts working. /He starts to work.
But It was beginning to rain.
remember regret prefer
forget try
E.g.
3. Judy always rememebers to lock the
door. (duty, task, rsponsibility)
I rememeber being a student at this
university at the first time. (recalling the
event in the past)
2. I often forget to lock the door. (task,
duty, responsibility)
Ill never forget getting excellent mark
on grammar (recaling event in the past)
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. When a plane begins ...(move) down,
INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE
THE USE OF TO, IN ORDER TO, AND FOR
To and In order to are used for purpose and they are followed by verb while for is followed by noun or noun phrase e.g.
*We went to the market to buy fruits.
*We need to find her in order to talk.
*We went to the market for some fruits.
Past
to have seen
having seen
Passive to be seen
E.g.
1. I want to see my doctor.
2. I dont mind seeing my doctor right now.
3. My father seems to have called the doctor. There he is coming now!
4. I appreciate having had an apportunity to see my doctor.
5. I dont want to be called a liar.
6. I really consider being invited to
come to his party.
7. He is lucky to have been given a scholarship.
8. I appreciate having been given a nice present for my birthday party last night.
Complete the sentences using an appropriate form for each verb in parenthesis.
6. Your compositions are supposed ...(write) in ink.
7. Jack has a good chance of...(elect). I dont know whether Im going to vote for him or not.
8. Carlos appears...(lose) some weight. Has he been ill?
the truth .
get pronoun
noun/np
to infinitive
(person)
It can be formulated :
make
have
pronoun/n(p) Verb 3
get
(thing)
Complete the sentences using appropriate
verbs.
1. While waiting for my plane, I watched other
planes.....and .....
2. There was an earthquake in my hometown. I
could feel the ground...
3. I was almost asleep last night when I heard
someone ...on the door.
4. When I went to bed last night, I heard the
phone ...
5. Why do you let your roomate...the room dirty.
6. Keep working. Dont let me ...
7. The lecturer usually lets us ...the task before
final examanation.
8. I usually have my sister...the windows before
she went out.
COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
A. PARALLEL STRUCTURES
B. PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
C. COMBINING INDEPENDENT CLAUSES WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
A. Parallel Structures
Parallel structures are structures
which are formed by combining
equivalent English class of words by
using coordinate conjunctions.
E.g.
1. Susan and her friend are in this
room.
2. She raised her hand and snapped
her fingers.
3. He is sitting on the chair and
watching TV.
4. The book is small but valuable.
5. He can write quickly and neatly.
6. She wants to watch TV or (to) listen
some music.
B. Paired Conjuctions
Paired conjuctions are also called
Correlative Conjunctions.
Both...and
Not only...but also
Either...or
Neither...nor
E.g.
1. Both the lecturer and the student
are in this room.
2. Not only my sister but also my
brother is here.
3. Either the students or the teacher
is planning to come here.
4. Neither the the teacher nor the
students are planning to come
here.
C. COMBINING INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES USING and, but, or, nor,
so, for, yet.
E.g.
1. It was raining hard, and there was
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a strong wind.
John is diligent, but his sister is
lazy.
Susan will continue her study, or
her mother will ask her to apply a
job.
Mr. Browns doent have a house to
stay, nor his neighbor doesnt have
money to buy some food.
Jane was tired, so she went to bed.
Janet cannot come here, for she
doesnt have a spair time.
She didnt study, yet she passed
the examanation.
ADVERB CLAUSES
Adverb Clauses of Time
Adverb Clause of Purposet
Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effect
Adverb Clauses of Contras
Adverb Clause of Result
Adverb Clauses of Condition
While
E.g.
1. While mother is cooking, father is
working in the office.
2. Anne was washing the dishes while
her mother was cooking in the kitchen.
After
E,g.
3. After John has worked hard, he feels
very tired.
4. After Anne gets up, she will go to the
bathroom.
5. Mary applied a job after she had
graduated form University.
Before
E.g.
6. Dont leave the house before he
comes.
7. He had completed the task before she
came.
As soon as
E.g.
1. As soon as he presses the button,
the lamp will be on.
2. He gave me a letter as soon as he
arrived.
By the time
E.g.
3. By the time father arrives, mother
Until
E.g.
1. I dont remember until I see you.
2. He will stay in the car until his father
comes back.
3. We didnt know your address until you
called me yesterday.
As long as
E.g.
4. You can stay here as long as you like.
5. You will not be able to be rich as long
as you dont want to save the money
in bank.
Since
E.g.
6. He has worked hard since he moved
here.
7. He has been stydying hard since he
heard there was an examanation.
Whenever
E.g.
1. You can use my car whenever you
want.
2. Call me whenever you have problem.
Every time
E.g.
3. You can call me every time you need
a help.
4. Every time you feel tired, you may go
home.
The first time
E.g.
5. The first time I met your sister, she
didnt recognize me.
The last time
E.g.
6. The last time I went to America, I
visited New York.