Created By: Hiral Paleja Ipsha Samal Kunal Jadhav Mayur Ganghale

CREATED BY: HIRAL PALEJA
IPSHA SAMAL
KUNAL JADHAV
MAYUR GANGHALE
CONTENTS
Introduction
Units
Principle of radiation safety
Factors of doses uptakes
Regulation of doses uptake
Radiation protecting instruments
Biological effects
Radioactive sealed sources
Types of exposures
Signs
INTRODUCTION
Radiation protection is defined by the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of
people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing
radiation, and the means for achieving this". The
IAEA also states "The accepted understanding of the
term radiation protection is restricted to protection of
people. Suggestions to extend the definition to
include the protection of non-human species or the
protection of the environment are controversial.
Fundamental to radiation protection is the reduction of
expected dose and the measurement of human dose
uptake.
3
UNITS OF RADIATIONS
The
Roentgen(R) to be used only as

a measure of exposure
The rad(D) to be used as a measure
of dose
The rem (H) to be used as a measure
of dose equivalent
Curie (Ci) to be used as a measure of
activity
4
PRINCIPLE OF RADIATION
PROTECTION
It includes: (a) Personnel

protection
(b) Area control
activities
(c) Waste disposal
5
Factors In Dose Uptake

There are three factors that control the amount, or
dose, of radiation received from a source. Radiation
exposure can be managed by a combination of these
factors:
1. Time
2. Distance
3. Shielding
Time: Reducing the time of an exposure reduces the
effective dose proportional
Distance: Increasing distance reduces dose due to the
inverse square law.
Shield: The radiation that manages to get through falls
exponentially with the thickness of the shield.
6
Regulation of dose uptake

Justification: No unnecessary use of
radiation is permitted, which means that the
advantages must outweigh the
disadvantages.
Limitation: Each individual must be

protected against risks that are far too large
through individual radiation dose limits.
Optimization: Radiation doses should all

be kept as low as reasonably achievable.
This means that it is not enough to remain
under the radiation dose limits.
Although high atomic number materials are very

effective in shielding photons, using them to shield
beta particles may cause higher radiation exposure
due to the production of bremsstrahlung x-rays, and
hence low atomic number materials are recommended.
Also, using material with a high neutron activation
cross section to shield neutrons will result in the
shielding material itself becoming radioactive and
hence more dangerous than if it were not present.
Shielding reduces the intensity of radiation depending
on the thickness. This is an exponential relationship
with gradually diminishing effect as equal slices of
shielding material are added. A quantity known as the
halving-thicknesses is used to calculate this.
9
Biological Effects
Many groups exposed to ionizing radiation

at high levels resulted in adverse effects.
Somatic
effects
Prompt - skin burns and cataracts

Delayed - cancer
Genetic
effects
Teratogenetic effects
10
11
12
500+ rad
X-Ray
Burns
5,000+ rad
P-32 - 6.5 rad/hr/uCi

S-35 - 2.5 rad/hr/uCi
13
Cancer
Radiation
can damage cells

through two methods;
Production of free radicals and
Direct damage to the DNA.
Risk
factor for radiation dose:
4% increase in risk of dying of cancer
for every 100 rem of dose.

Normal cancer risk is 20%.
14
Radiation protecting
instruments
I.
II.
III.
IV.
.
Installed Instrument
Area radiation monitor
Interlocked monitors
Airborne contamination monitors
Personnel exist monitors
Portable instruments
15
Radioactive Sealed Sources
Sealed sources used as a source of radiation
Alpha particles
Beta particles
Gamma ray
Bremsstrahlung
Neutron sources
Permanently enclosed in either a capsule or

another suitable container designed to
prevent leakage or escape of the radioactive
material
Inventory and Use records are required
16
Radioactive Sealed Sources
Tested for surface contamination and leakage

Sources may leak radioactive material
Tested usually once every 6 months for beta &
gamma emitters that are > 100 uCi

Tested every 3 months for alpha emitters > 10 uCi
Allowable limit is less than 0.005 uCi
A leaking source
removed from use
shall
immediately
Action to be taken to prevent contamination

Source to be repaired or disposed of
RPP has a shielded storage

sources that are not in use.
facility
be
for
17
There are two types of exposures

1. External exposure
2. Internal exposure
External exposure is controlled by giving
knowledge and aware all workers about
applicable regulations and means of
controlling radiation exposure, that
adequate procedures be available for
measurement of personnel radiation
exposures, and that work areas be
designed for optimum control.
This includes:
. Control and design of work areas
. Surveys and measurements
. Personnel monitoring
18
Internal exposure occur due to inhalation of

radionuclide into the body, aerosols or gases
inhalation, by ingestions, through wounds or
breaks in the skin, and in some case directly
through the skin.
This is long term exposure and difficult to
reduce. Some development and enforcement of
rules for safe handling of radionuclides are:
1. Always work in areas designed for handling
radionuclides
2. Work area should be covered with plastic,
glass or stainless steel trays, preferably covered
with absorbent paper
3. Plan all procedures in advance
4. Do not eat or drink in areas of unsealed
19
DETECTION OF INTERNAL
COTAMINATION
This should have 2 components:
1. A routine detection program for all
employees
This includes calculation of body burden from
environmental measurements such as air
sampling, surface contamination levels and
ratemeter measurements of skin
contamination. This can also be calculated
by bioassay.
2. Special programs for cases in which
contamination is suspected
20
SIGNS FOR RADIATION ALERT

AREAS
21
RADIATION SAFETY FOR

OPERATORS
22
STORAGE AND DISPOSAL OF

RADIONUCLIDE
Rdionuclide materials no longer required must
be disposed of so that they will not
constitute an environmental hazards.
Dilute and dispense for low level solid, liquid
and gaseous wastes.
Delay and decay for solid, liquid and
gaseous waste that contain short lived
radionuclides.
Concentrate and contain for intermediate
and high-level solid, liquid and gaseous
waste.
23
CONCLUSION
Thus we can conclude that radiation
safety is requires high attention.
Proper precautions should be taken
to protect from exposure and proper
measurement of radiation hazards
should be done. Quick and proper
treatment should be given in of
exposure.
24
Thank you !
25

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What are the three main factors that control radiation dose uptake?

What are the three main factors that control radiation dose uptake?

What are the three principles of radiation protection?

What are the three principles of radiation protection?

CREATED BY: HIRAL PALEJA

Roentgen(R) to be used only as

It includes: (a) Personnel

Factors In Dose Uptake

Regulation of dose uptake

Limitation: Each individual must be

Optimization: Radiation doses should all

Although high atomic number materials are very

Many groups exposed to ionizing radiation

Prompt - skin burns and cataracts

P-32 - 6.5 rad/hr/uCi

can damage cells

factor for radiation dose:

4% increase in risk of dying of cancer

for every 100 rem of dose.

Radioactive Sealed Sources

Sealed sources used as a source of radiation

Permanently enclosed in either a capsule or

Radioactive Sealed Sources

Tested for surface contamination and leakage

gamma emitters that are > 100 uCi

Action to be taken to prevent contamination

RPP has a shielded storage

There are two types of exposures

Internal exposure occur due to inhalation of

SIGNS FOR RADIATION ALERT

RADIATION SAFETY FOR

STORAGE AND DISPOSAL OF

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