Unit-2: Power Plant Engineering

Unit-2
POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

COAL HANDLING
1. Coal delivery
2. Unloading
3. Preparation
4. Transfer
5. Storage of coal
6. In-plant handling
7. Weighing and measuring
8. Furnace firing
Unloading
Portable conveyors
Coal accelerators
Coal towers
Unloading bridges
Self unloading boats
Preparation
When the delivered coal is in form of lumps
(not of proper size), then the preparation may
be carried out by:
1. Breakers
2. Crushers
3. Sizers
4. Dryers
5. Magnetic separators
Transfer
It means the handling of coal between the
unloading point and the final storage point
from where it is discharged to the firing
equipment. Equipments used for transfer of
coal may be:
i. Belt/screw/Vee bucket/Pivot bucket /grab
bucket conveyors
ii. Flight conveyors or scrapers
iii. Skip hoists
iv. Mass flow conveyors
v. chutes
Diagram: belt conveyor
Diagram: screw conveyor
Diagram: grab bucket
conveyor
Diagram: bucket elevator
Diagram: flight conveyor
Diagram: skip hoist
Storage of coal
Storage of coal gives protection against the
interruption of coal supplies when there is
delay in coal transportation due to strikes in
coal mines.
In plant handling
It may include the equipments such as
conveyors and elevators etc. to transfer the
coal.
1. Weigh lorries,
2. hoppers and
3. automatic scales are used to record the
quantity of coal delivered to the furnace.
In plant handling
Weighing and measuring
Equipments used are:

1. Weigh bridge
2. weigh lorry
3. Belt scale
4. Automatic scale
Furnace firing
Combustion system: It is a component of
steam generator. This system must have the
equipment necessary to receive the fuel and
air , proportioned to each other and the boiler
steam demand, mix , ignite and perform any
special combustion function, such as
distillation of volatile from coal prior to
ignition.
Fluid fuels are handled by burners.
Solid fuels are handled by stokers.
Contd
The fuels are mainly:
i. Bituminous coal
ii. Fuel oil and
iii. Natural gas
Contd
To burn these fuels we require:
i. Air in sufficient quantity
ii. A good mixing of air and fuel
iii. A turbulence between air and fuel
A good combustion system must fill all of
these requirements.
Pulverized fuel firing
The coal is reduced to fine powdered form
with the help of grinding mill.
Powdered coal is then projected into
combustion chamber with hot air current.
Additional air is supplied (if required)
separately to the combustion chamber to
complete the combustion.
The resulting turbulence in the combustion
chamber helps in uniform mixing of fuel and
air and thus through combustion.
Elements of pulverized coal system
Advantages
Any grade of coal can be used.
The feed rate of fuel can be regulated
properly resulting in fuel economy.
Due to almost complete combustion there is
increased rate of evaporation.
Greater capacity to meet peak loads.
Disadvantages
High capital cost.
More possibility of explosion as coal burns like
gas.
A separate coal preparation plant is needed.
High furnace temperature causes rapid
deterioration of refractory surface of the
furnace.
Pulverized coal burners

The function of a coal burner is to fire the
pulverised coal along with primary air into the
furnace.
The secondary air is admitted separately
below the burner, around the burner or
elsewhere in the furnace.
Ignition take place by means of radiation and
flame propagation from the fuel already
burning in the furnace.
Pulverized coal burners
The requirements of a burner can be
summarized as follows:
1. The coal and air should be so handled that
there is stability of ignition.
2. The combustion should be complete.
3. Inside the flame the heat is uniformly
developed avoiding any superheated spots.
4. Adequate protection against overheating,
internal fires and excessive abrasive wear.
Types
Long flame burners
Turbulent burners
Tangential burners
Cyclone burners
Long flame burners
Turbulent burners
Tangential burners
Cyclone burners
Fluidized bed combustion
Types
Atmospheric FBC
Pressurized FBC
Others
Stationary FBC system
Circulating FBC system
Advatages
Disadvantages
Ash handling
Operations involved are:
Removing the ash from furnace ash hoppers
Conveying this ash to a fill or storage by
means of conveyors
Disposal of the stored ash
Difficulties encountered:
1. Ash is dusty and it is annoying and irritating
in handling.
2. Its hot when it comes out of the boiler
furnace.
3. It is abrasive and wears out the containers.
4. Poisonous gases re produced.
5. Corrosive acids are produced in water.
6. It forms clinkers by fusing together in lumps.
Various systems of ash
handling
Steam jet system
Pneumatic conveyor system
Hydraulic conveyor system
Belt conveyors
Uses of ash
1. Concrete making
2. As light weight aggregate
3. Road construction
4. As load bearing fill
5. Making building blocks
6. Other uses
Dust collection
Dust collectors
1. Mechanical
a. Wet
b. Dry
2. Electrical
Feed water treatment
The primary objective of water treatment is
the removal of suspended and soluble solids
and gases. The various methods used are:
1. Mechanical methods
2. Thermal methods
3. Chemical methods
Mechanical methods
i. Sedimentation
ii. Filtration
iii. Interior painting
Thermal methods
i. Distillation
ii. Deaerative heating
Chemical methods
i. Lime treatment
ii. Soda treatment
iii. Lime soda treatment
iv. Zeolite treatment
v. Demineralization

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Unit-2

POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

Equipments used are:

Pulverized coal burners

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