Phonics

Objectives

Lesson 1: Introduction to phonics

Lesson 2 : Consonant clusters

Lesson 3 : Puzzling sounds

Lesson 4 : Syllables and word stress

Lesson 5 : Intonation
 Phonics

Lesson One
Introduction to Phonics
Hello!
 Phonics
Phonics is the process of learning through the
relationship between letters and combination
of letters and the sounds that go with them.
 Phonics approach
helps you sounding out new words.
English has only 26 letters
But 44 different sounds

5 written vowels: a, e, i, o, u
20 different vowel
sounds
21 written consonants
24 consonant
sounds
Difficult to read out English
words because:
1. Single letter - different sounds
apple
always
Try to read out
these words
about
acorn
artist
Difficult to read out English
words because:
2. Different letters same sound
be police
tree quay
sea people
piece complete
seize key
Vowels a,a,e,e,i,i,o,o,uu

Short vowels

a, e, i, o, u
These letters are called vowels. You
can sometimes hear their sounds in the
middle of words.
Trace the vowel sound in each word:
cat nest win
rock tub
Try it yourself

A E I O U
B a_ g H _
e n P _in D o
Put the short vowel_ t T _
ub
R a_ g P _e n T _i n F _o g Moo _d
sounds into these
S a_ t T _e n S _i p L o_ t F u_ n
words. Say the words.
P a_ t S _e t Ch _i p St _o p B u_ n
L a_ p L _e t F _i g Ch o_ p Cl u_ b
Long vowels:
Sometimes the vowels say their names i.e., they
have the same sound as letters of the alphabet.
When they do this they are called LONG
vowels.
A: play, cage, way
E: see, feet, eat
I : pie, kite, try
O: rope, old, grow
U : tube suit, you
 Magic e
When e is written at the end of a 3 letter word or a 4
letter word, the short vowel sound changes to a long
vowel sound.

Short vowel Long vowel

A
tap tape magic
pip pipe !
not note
mat mate
bit bite
hop hope
Try it yourself

A E I O U
B a_ ke _Ee
_l T _i e Sn o
_w Mu
_ sic
St a
_y F _ee_ l F _i ve Go
_o Cu
_ be
Put the long vowel
Ma _ ke Tr _ee_ Sl _i ce G o_ es Su
_ it
sounds into these
L a_ ke _ _se P _i e
Ch ee Bl _o w R u_ le
words.Say the words.
S a_ y _ _l Sl _i de
Wh ee To
_e Pu
_ pil
 Single consonants and short vowels
Pattern Position Example
Single consonants Initial b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m,
n, q, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, x,
y, z
Short vowels Initial & middle a : apple bat
e : elephant pet
i : ink tin
o : orange pot
u : umbrella jug
Common Patterns ( I )

Consonant vowel (c-v)

Example:
to go be do no
Vowel consonant (v-c)
Example:
an at in it on up us
Common Patterns ( II )

Consonantvowelconsonant (c-v-
c)

Rhyming words with different initial consonants

Example:
man can ran pan van fan
Common Patterns ( III )

Consonantvowelconsonant (c-v-
c)

Words with different final consonants

Example:
man mat mad map
 Common Patterns ( IV )

Consonantvowelconsonant (c-v-
c)

Words with different mid short vowels

Example: pan pen pin
 Try yourself
Colour the vowels
If the word has a short vowel sound, colour the word red

If the word has a long vowel sound, colour the word green

page
went sad tie
tie
so cup

tree
leaf cap
teddy nose pie
Oral Practice Tongue Twister
Betty Botter - I

Betty Botter bought some butter,

But, she said, the butters bitter
If I put it in my batter
It will make my batter bitter
But a bit of better butter
Will make my batter better.
Oral Practice Tongue Twister
Betty Botter - II

So she bought a bit of butter,

Better than her bitter butter,
And she put it in her batter,
And the batter was not bitter.
So it was better Betty Botter
bought a bit of better butter.
Oral Practice Rhyme
Baa, Baa, Black Sheep
Baa, baa, black sheep,
Have you any wool?
Yes, sir, yes, sir,
Three bags full;
One for the master,
And one for the dame,
And one for the little boy
Who lives down the lane.
 Phonics

Lesson Two

Consonant Clusters
Consonant Clusters
Double consonants - two identical
consonants which sound like a single
consonant in the final position

LL L
Consonant Clusters
Blends - two consonants blended together to
form a new sound

l bl
b
Consonant Clusters
Digraphs - two letters joined together to
form a new single sound which is quite
different from their separate sounds

c ch
h
 Pattern Position Example Words
Pill
Double _bb _dd _gg _ll _ss _ff _zz pull
Final
consonants and _ck bell
bull

flat
bl_ cl_ fl_ gl_ pl_ sl_ drip
br_ cr_ dr_ fr_ gr_ pr_ tr_ step
Blends Initial shop
sc_ sk_ sl_ sm_ sn_ sp_
st_ sw_ this

much
Digraphs Initial ch, sh, th, ph, wh, qu must
mush
 Pattern Position Example Words
Blends
last
& Final _sh, _ch, _st, sk, _sp, _st,
list
Digraphs _th, _tch
lost

and
band
land
hand
n and m Finals _nd, _nch, _ng, _nk, _mp, _nt sand
blends stand
camp
damp
lamp
stamp
Try it yourself!

Select the word

that rhymes in
each group.
Exercise 1 Double consonants

bell well
shell
sell
fell

tall
tell till
Answer 1 Double consonants

bell well
shell
sell
fell

Good!

tell
Exercise 2 Double consonants

bill pill
fill
mill
hill

will
well wall
Answer 2 Double consonants

bill pill
fill
mill
hill

Well
Done!
will
Exercise 3 Vowels

bead need
lead
wee
d feed

sell seed

sheep
Answer 3 Vowels

bead need
lead
wee
d feed

Excellent
!
seed
Exercise 4 Vowels

bed fed
wed
head
said

rid
rod red
Answer 4 Vowels

bed fed
wed
head
said

Bravo!

red
Discussion

? ?
?
sail
?

Good Work!
Now discuss with your
classmates to find out
words that rhyme with
sail.
Which blend?

Say out the word.

Mark the blend at
the beginning of
each word.
Which blend?

star

sw st sn
pl sm tr sn st sw
snake

plane
Which blend?

spoon

sl bl sp
st gl
gl dr cr sm dr
glass dress
 Which blend?

crayon
trousers

cr sm pl
gl fr fl
frog
fr tr
tr cr
Which blend?

flower

pl fr tr st br gr sm st tr
smile
grape
Blending riddle

Match the words

that rhyme.
Blending riddle

where shoe
shop chin
chew there
then cheese
thin chop
these when
More sounds

Say out the word.

Circle the blend at
the finals of each
word.
More sounds

ld nt nd

nt
plant band
nd front
nt
paint
nt
end
nd
nt
went hold
ld find
nd
friend
nd
old
ld cold
ld want
nt
ch and sh

Which begins with

ch?
Which begins with
sh?
ch and sh

chair ship

shop
chicken
shoes
church
chain
Finish the words

All of these words

have sh
sh or ch
ch in
them.
Read the words. Fill
in the spaces.
Finish the words

ch
_ _ est ch
whi _ _ s_h_ arp

ch
pit _ _ ch
ri _ _ c_ h_ in

c
_h_ eck sh
bu_ _ sh
_ _ ine

pat c
_h_ da s
_h_ s_
wi _ h

di s_ h_ s_
su _ h s
_h_ ake
 Finish the words (Hints)

Read this words: crash

wish
chapatti
chapatti
check
check rush
such
such dish
which
which dash
pitch
pitch patch shake
chin patch
chin sheet rich
shine rich
shell sharp
bush
chatter
chatter chest
chest
Sounds like

Find out which

object begins with
which sound.
 Sounds like
Truck
Crane Cr
Truck Tr
Tree
Tree
Crab
Crown

Train Crayon
Train Triangle Trumpet
Triangle Trumpet

Crack Trousers cross

Trousers
Which ones?

Select pictures in
each row that
begin with the
sound.
Which ones?

Plate Plant Plum

Blouse Blow

Flower Fly Flag

Cloud Clock
Clown

Sledge Slide
Which ones blend?

Find out which

object begins with
which sound.
Which ones blend?

Bread Bridge

Drink Drum Dress

Frog Frying-pan Fruit

Grass Grape Grasshopper

Prize Pram Present

Say the sounds

Find out which

object begins with
which sound.
Say the sounds
Skip Skirt
Skate

Smile Small
Smoke

Snake
Snail Snowman

Spoon Spade
Spider

Star Stairs

Swan
Swimming Swing
Riddle 1

You use me every day.

You see me on your feet.
I begin with the same sound in the
words show, short and shone.

Shoes
Riddle 2

You see me in the circus.

I have a red round nose.
I wear big, colourful clothes.
I make children laugh.
I begin with the same sound in the
words cloud, clean and class.

clown
 Riddle 3

I am round.
You use me when you eat.
I begin with the same sound in the
words play, please and place.

Plate
Riddle 4

I have four legs.

You sit on me every day.
I begin with the same sound in the
words church, cherry and chop.

Chair
 Phonics

Lesson Three
Puzzling sounds
Homophones
Words that sound exactly the same, but have
different meanings and different spellings.

Hello! Bonjour!
Homophones
whole, hole
You could dig the
biggest hole in the
whole world.
Homophones
A bear might attack you
bear, bare when you walk through
the forest with bare feet.
Homophones
The wet dog should pause
at the door to have his paws
wiped.
paws, pause
Solve these homophone clues:

1.
1. You
You breathe
breathe itit _air
_ __ __
Something
Something isis left left to
to him
him in will _heir
in aa will _ __ __ __
2. Read aloud
2. Read __ __ __ __ __
They
They let let you
you dodo something
something ,, youre youre
allowed
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
3.
3. You
You diddid itit at
at dinner yesterday _ate
dinner yesterday _ __ __
Its
Itsaa number
numbereight __ __ __ __ __
4.
4. You
You stop
stop your
your bike with itit _brake
bike with _ __ __ __ __
IfIf you
you drop
drop an an egg,
egg, itit will
will __break
__ __ __ __
5.
5. You
You pick
pick itit in
in the garden __flower
the garden __ __ __ __ __
You
You make
make aa cake with itit __flour
cake with __ __ __ __
 Past tense endings
There are 3 ways to pronounce past tense
ending -ed.
Sound Ending Example

/t/ s, sh, k, p + ed wished, asked, hoped

/d/ others + ed played, rained

/id/ t, d + ed hated, ended

Past tense endings

/id/ sound
e.g.
mended
/t/ sound /d/ sound
e.g. 2 syllables
e.g. played
danced
1 syllable
1 syllable
Some special sounds
soft c (sounds like /s/)

city ice

pencil
cent

city
Some special sounds
soft g (sounds like /j/)

gentle giant

cage
ginger

change
Try it yourself!

One is g as goose
in goose or
g makes
game.two
We different
call this game
hard g.
sounds.

goat
 Try it yourself!

gem
One is g as
in giant or
gem.
We call this giraffe
soft g. It giant
sounds j.
r as a vowel modifier
when an r comes after a vowel,
the r makes the vowel sound different
 Pattern Position Example
R modifies All ar: car, arm, part, shark
short er: after, sister
vowels ir: bird
ur: burn
R modifies Final eer: deer
vowel ear: near, tear(long)
blends ear: wear, pear (short)
air: hair, pair, fair
are: care, dare, scare
Modification Initial or sounds like: worm world
by w ar sounds like: warm
Try it yourself!

Each of the following

words
car has a an r after a
vowel.
i bird
Find thea words.
star
i girl
corn o
o port
 Phonics

Lesson Four
Syllables and Word stress
Syllables
English words break into sound units, or
beats, which are called syllables.

Every syllable
contains at least
one vowel.
Syllables
We need to say words aloud to find out how
many syllables they have.

We have to
think about
how they
sound, not how
they look.
Syllables
Breaking words into syllables will help us to
work out how to spell them.

d-i-c-t-a-t-i-o-n

dic-ta-tion
1-syllable 2-syllable 3-syllable 4-syllable 5-syllable 6-syllable
I ago dictation composition communication responsibility

do father potato television supernatural Mediterranean

much letter understand comparison photosynthesis Encyclopaedia

small picture animal

spring potentiality
Example
When nine thousand aliens landed in the
school playground, our headteacher went
wild.

When nine thou-sand a-li-ens lan-ded in the

1 1 1 1
2 3 2
school play-ground, our head-teach-er went
1 1 1
2 3
wild.
1
Try it yourself!

Count the number

of syllables in
each word.
Try it yourself!

Spelling isnt hard,

2 2 1
Once you know some of the tricks,
1 1 1
Good1 Work!
1 1 2

Divide the word into syllables,

2 1 1 2 3

That makes it easy.

1 1 1 2
Word stress
dictation potato
compositio
n reliable
absolutely

Listen
How manyto syllables
your
Which syllable
teacher reading is
do these
more loudlywords
read by
these words
have?
your teacher?
Try it yourself!

letter college

Where are the

compare school
stressed syllables?

happily discovery
Word with 2 syllables
The stress is on the first syllable if the word
ends in:
-ic(s) music, physics, phonics
-ia Asia, Sonia
-(i)on nation, poison, season
-ior junior, senior
-ive passive, active
-ous famous, conscious
-ure picture, capture
 Word with 2 syllables
The stress is on the first syllable if the word
ends in:
Continue
-som(e) handsome, seldom
-le little, uncle, bible
-al medal, total
-e/ant moment, servant
-en garden, driven, kitten
-age passage, courage
-ry story, history
Word with 2 syllables
The stress is on the last syllable if the word
ends in:
-aim proclaim
-cur occur
-duce reduce
-eem esteem
-irm confirm
-ose oppose
 Word with 2 syllables
The stress is on the last syllable if the word
ends in:
Continue

-ume resume
-ide, -ite divide, decide, recite
-self himself
-ote promote
-ert insert
-ect/act react
 Word with 2 syllables
The stress is on different syllables when the
word is in different forms:
Noun Verb
(Stress on the first Syllable) (Stress on the last syllable)
subject subject
record record
conduct conduct
object object
produce produce
contract contract
transfer transfer
 Word with 2 syllables

The stress is on different syllables when the

word is in different forms:

Continue

Adjective Verb
(Stress on the first syllable) (Stress on the last syllable)
present present
Word with 2 or more syllables

Usually the third syllable from the end of the

word is stressed.
innocen particle
origin t
representation
popula
r possibilit
y

originality
publicity
Prefixes and stress
Prefixes will not change the word stress:

Word Prefix New word

form re- reform

rich en- enrich

prison im- imprison

cover dis- discover

interpret mis- misinterpret

 Suffixes and stress
Suffixes will not change the word stress:

Word Suffix New word

happy -ly happily
beauty -ful beautiful
king, free -dom kingdom, freedom
home -less homeless
selfish -ness selfishness
appoint -ment appointment
hero -ism heroism
visit, ugly -e/or visitor, uglier
scholar -ship scholarship
Say together

1. guaranTEE, overSEE, Cant you SEE

Say the words and

2. howEVer, forEVer, Pull the LEver
pay attention to the
stressed syllable.
3. underSTAND, comMAND, Play the BAND

4. ceLEbrity, comMUNity, Come PLAY with me.

 Phonics

Lesson Five

Intonation
Intonation
Some words are stressed in a phrase or
sentence because they give a rhythm or more
important information.
Stressed
Intonation
Some words are stressed in a
phrase or sentence because they
give a rhythm or more important
information.

Example:

Some words are stressed
 Sentence stress
Rule 1

The STRESSED words The CONTENT words

e.g. Nouns, adjectives, action verb (walk, sit), adverbs,

number, question words and demonstratives (this, that)

Example

The witch is flying across the sky.

Sentence stress
Rule 2

The UNSTRESSED words are

usually the FUNCTION words.
articles (a, an, the)
Pronouns (I, me, my)
Prepositions (at, by, for)
conjunction (and, so, but)
The witch is
auxiliary verbs (have, had, has) flying across the
modals (may, can, might) sky.
to be verbs (am, is, are)
Sentence stress
Rule 3

Stressed words
are:
Longer,
louder
and slightly higher
in pitch than
unstressed words.
 Sentence stress
Rule 4

Say unstressed words quickly

enough:
1. reduced or made shorter with contractions
shell, hell

2. run together with other unstressed words

a lot of alota
want to wanna
have to hafta
going to gonna
Sentence stress
Rule 5

Stress (or do not reduce) the final word of a

sentence if it is a function word (of, to,
with, for, me)

Come PLAY with ME.

WHO is he GOing to
SCHOOL WITH?
 Sentence stress
Rule 6
Only stress on the same syllable as
the word stress.

Im going to the movie.

going
Im GO-ING to the MOVIE.

Im GOing to the movie.

Try it yourself!

1. ANN and JIM were GOing to the Movies.

2. The PENcil is on the TAble.

Practise the sentence
3. She Alwaysstress
LIKES torules
WORK on her desk.

4. Its a VERY Interesting STOry.

5. WHAT are you DOing?

Try it yourself!

6. What TIME did he GET to the STAtion?

7. Has the TRAIN already LEFT?

8. Its NOT an EASY THING to remember.

9. WHAT do you THINK he is WAITing FOR?

10. WHO will you be GOing WITH?

Try it yourself!

1. Do you like to go camping?

Find
2. Students out
need thebefore
to study content
a test.
words stressed in the
3. My children sentence.
are growing very quickly.

4. How long will it take to paint your house?

5. Who will you be going with?

Try it yourself!

Im
Im glad
glad to
to meet
meet you, you, Carol.
Carol. Welcome
Welcome to to
XYZ
XYZ Company.
Company. Im Im glad
glad you
you were
were hired
hired
for
for this
this position.
position. WeveWeve been
been waiting
waiting for for
someone
someone to to fill
fill this
this position
position forfor almost
almost aa
month.
month. Youll
Practise
Youll bebe working
saying
working with
with me me inin the
the
Finance
Finance Department.
Department. theIm
Im inin charge
charge of of the
the
daily
daily records,
records, conversation.
so
so youll
youll need
need to to turn
turn in
in
your
your reports
reports to to meme daily.
daily. If
If you
you have
have anyany
questions,
questions, be be sure
sure toto ask
ask me.
me. Id
Id bebe glad
glad
to
to answer
answer them.
them. Do Do you
you know
know whowho else
else
youll
youll be
be working
working with? with?