Chapter 1

A HISTORY OF THE
COMPUTER
FIVE ERAS IN COMPUTER
DEVELOPMENT
Pre-History
Electronics
Mini
Micro
Network
PRE-HISTORY ERA
4th century B.C. to 1930s
The abacus is believed to have been
invented in 4th century B.C.
The Antikythera mechanism, a device
used for registering and predicting the
motion of the stars and planets, is dated
to 1st century B.C.
Arabic numerals were introduced in
Europe in the 8th and 9th century A.D.
and was used until the 17th century.
PRE-HISTORY ERA (CONTD)
Napiers Bones
John Napier of Scotland invents logs in

1614 to allow multiplication and division to
be converted to addition and subtraction.
Wilhelm Schickard, a professor at the
University of Tubingen, Germany builds a
mechanical calculator in 1623 with a 6-digit
capacity. The machine worked, but it never
makes it beyond the prototype stage.
Da Vincis Calculator
Leonardo Da Vinci is now given

credit for building the first mechanical
calculator around 1500. Evidence of
Da Vincis machine was not found
until papers were discovered in 1967. Pascals
Blaise Pascal builds a mechanical Arithmetic

calculator in 1642 with an 8-digit Machine
capacity.
Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents an
automatic loom controlled by punch-
cards in the early 1800s.
Jacquards Loom
Charles Babbage designs a Difference
Engine in 1820 or 1821 with a massive
calculator designed to print
astronomical tables. The British
government cancelled the project in Charles
1842; Babbage then conceives the Babbage
Analytical Engine, a mechanical
computer that can solve any
mathematical problem and uses punch-
cards.
Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of
Lovelace and daughter of English poet
Lord Byron, worked with Babbage and
created a program for the Analytical
Engine. Ada is now credited as being
the 1st computer programmer.
Samuel Morse invents the Electric
Telegraph in 1837.
George Boole invents Boolean Algebra Morse Code
in the late 1840s. Boolean Algebra was
destined to remain largely unknown
and unused for the better part of a
century, until a young student called
Claude E. Shannon recognized its
relevance to electronics design.
In 1857, only twenty years after the
invention of the telegraph, Sir Charles
Wheatstone (the inventor of the
accordian) introduced the first
application of paper tapes as a medium
for the preparation, storage, and Wheatstones
transmission of data. paper tape
The first practical typewriting machine was
conceived by three American inventors
and friends, Christopher Latham Sholes,
Carlos Glidden, and Samual W. Soule who
spent their evenings tinkering together.
The friends sold their design to Remington
and Sons, who hired William K. Jenne to
perfect the prototype, resulting in the
release of the first commercial typewriter
in 1874.
Herman Holleriths Tabulating Machines
were used for the 1890 census; the
machines used Jacquards punched cards.
ELECTRONICS ERA
1900-1964 ENIAC
In 1926, Dr. Julius Edgar Lilienfield from

New York filed for a patent on a transistor.
Konrad Zuse, a German engineer,
completes the 1st general purpose
programmable calculator in 1941.
Colossus, a British computer used for
code-breaking, is operational by the end of
1943.
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
Analyzor and Computer) is developed by
Ballistics Research Lab in Maryland and
built by the University of Pennsylvania and
completed in 1945.
ELECTRONICS ERA (CONTD)
The transistor is developed by Bell
Telephone Laboratories in 1947.
Transistor
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer) is developed in 1951 and
can store 12,000 digits in random
access mercury-delay lines.
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable
Computer) is completed for the
Ordinance Department in 1952.
EDVAC
ELECTRONICS ERA (CONTD)
Texas Instruments and Fairchild
Semiconductor both announce
the integrated circuit in 1959. TIs
Integrated
The IBM 360 is introduced in April Circuit
of 1964 and quickly becomes the
standard institutional mainframe
computer. By the mid-80s the 360
and its descendents have
generated more than $100 billion
in revenue for IBM.
IBM 360
MINI ERA
(1959-1970)
The Mini Era began with the development
of the integrated circuit in 1959 by Texas
Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor.
Ivan Sutherland demonstrates a program
called Sketchpad (makes engineering
drawings with a light pen) on a TX-2
mainframe at MITs Lincoln Labs in 1962.
By 1965, an integrated circuit that cost
$1,000 in 1959 now costs less than $10.
Doug
MINI ERA (CONTD) Engelbart
Doug Engelbart demonstrates a word processor

in 1968.
Also in 1968, Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce
founded a company called Intel.
Xerox creates its Palo Alto Research Center
(Xerox PARC) in 1969.
Fairchild Semiconductor introduces a 256-bit
RAM chip in 1970.
In late 1970 Intel introduces a 1K RAM chip and
the 4004, a 4-bit microprocessor. Two years later
comes the 8008, an 8-bit processor.
MICRO ERA
1971-1989 Bill Gates Steve Jobs
Bill Gates and Paul Allen form Traf-O-Data
in 1971 to sell their computer traffic-analysis
sytems.
Gary Kildall writes PL/M, the first high-level
programming language for the Intel
Microprocessor.
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak are building
and selling blue boxes in Southern
California in 1971.
Intel introduces the 8008, the first 8-bit
microprocessor in April of 1972.
Mark-8
MICRO ERA Prototype
Jonathan A. Titus designs the Mark-8 and

is featured in the July 1974 Radio
Electronics.
In January 1975 Popular Electronics
features the MITS Altair 8800; it is hailed
as the first personal computer.
Paul Allen and Bill Gates develop BASIC
for the Altair 8800. Microsoft is born!!!
MICRO ERA
Apple II - 1977
Apple is selling its Apple II for $1,195,

including 16K of RAM but no monitor by
1977.
Software Arts develops the first
spreadsheet program, Visicalc by the
spring of 1979. 500 copies per month are
shipped in 1979 and sales increase to
12,000 per month by 1981.
By 1980 Apple has captured 50% of the
personal computer market.
MICRO ERA
IBM PC - 1981
In 1980 Microsoft is approached by IBM to

develop BASIC for its personal computer
project. The IBM PC is released in August,
1981.
The Apple Macintosh, featuring a simple
graphical interface using the 8-MHz, 32-bit
Motorola 68000 CPU and a built-in 9-inch
B/W screen, debuts in 1984.
Microsoft Windows 1.0 ships in November,
1985.
Microsofts sales for 1989 reach $1 billion.
NETWORK ERA
(Late 50s to present)
Timesharing, the concept of linking a
large numbers of users to a single
computer via remote terminals, is
developed at MIT in the late 50s and
early 60s.
Paul Baran of RAND develops the
idea of distributed, packet-switching
networks.
ARPANET goes online in 1969.
Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf develop the
basic ideas of the Internet in 1973.
NETWORK ERA
In 1974 BBN opens the first public
packet-switched network Telenet.
A UUCP link between the University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and
Duke University establishes USENET
in 1979.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol and Internet Protocol) is
established as the standard for
ARPANET in 1982.
NETWORK ERA
The number of network hosts breaks
10,000 in 1987; two years later, the
number of hosts breaks 100,000.
Tem Berners-Lee develops the World
Wide Web. CERN releases the first
Web server in 1991.
By 1992, the number of network
hosts breaks 1,000,000.
The World Wide Web sports a growth
rate of 341,634% in service traffic in
its third year--1993.

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A HISTORY OF THE

John Napier of Scotland invents logs in

Leonardo Da Vinci is now given

Blaise Pascal builds a mechanical Arithmetic

In 1926, Dr. Julius Edgar Lilienfield from

Doug Engelbart demonstrates a word processor

Jonathan A. Titus designs the Mark-8 and

Apple is selling its Apple II for $1,195,

In 1980 Microsoft is approached by IBM to

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