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Assignment Unit I 3

Optical signals have very short wavelengths due to their high frequencies. Baseband transmission does not involve modulation, while broadband transmission does. Calculating frequencies from periods involves taking the inverse. Bandwidth is defined by the range of frequencies present. Doubling bandwidth doubles data rate, while doubling SNR slightly increases data rate. Transmission time depends on packet length and channel bandwidth. Link capacity depends on bandwidth and delay.

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Diksha Kashyap
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469 views

Assignment Unit I 3

Optical signals have very short wavelengths due to their high frequencies. Baseband transmission does not involve modulation, while broadband transmission does. Calculating frequencies from periods involves taking the inverse. Bandwidth is defined by the range of frequencies present. Doubling bandwidth doubles data rate, while doubling SNR slightly increases data rate. Transmission time depends on packet length and channel bandwidth. Link capacity depends on bandwidth and delay.

Uploaded by

Diksha Kashyap
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment- Unit-I-3

Data and Signals


1. Why do optical signals used in fiber optic
cables have a very short wave length?
2. We send a voice signal from a
microphone to a recorder. Is this
baseband or broadband
transmission?
3. We modulate several voice signals and
send them through the air. Is this
baseband or broadband transmission?
4. Given the following periods, calculate the
corresponding frequencies.
a. 5 s
b. 12 s
c. 220 ns
5. What is the bandwidth of a signal that can be
decomposed into five sine waves with
frequencies at 0, 20, 50, 100, and 200 Hz? All
peak amplitudes are the same. Draw the
bandwidth.
6. A periodic composite signal contains frequencies
from 10 to 30 KHz, each with an amplitude of 10
V. Draw the frequency spectrum.
7. A TV channel has a bandwidth of 6 MHz. If we
send a digital signal using one channel, what are
the data rates if we use one harmonic, three
harmonics, and five harmonics?
8. The attenuation of a signal is -10 dB. What is the
final signal power if it was originally 5 W?
9. If the bandwidth of the channel is 5 Kbps,
how long does it take to send a frame of
100,000 bits out of this device?
10. A signal has a wavelength of 1 m in air.
How far can the front of the wave travel
during 1000 periods?
11. We measure the performance of a
telephone line (4 KHz of bandwidth). When
the signal is 10 V, the noise is 5 mV. What is
the maximum data rate supported by this
telephone line?
12. A computer monitor has a resolution of
1200 by 1000 pixels. If each pixel uses 1024
colors, how many bits are needed to send the
complete contents of a screen?
13. If the peak voltage value of a signal is 20 times
the peak voltage value of the noise, what is the
SNR? What is the SNRdB?
14. We need to upgrade a channel to a higher
bandwidth. Answer the following questions:
a. How is the rate improved if we double the
bandwidth?
b. How is the rate improved if we double the SNR?
15. What is the transmission time of a packet sent by
a station if the length of the packet is 1 million
bytes and the bandwidth of the channel is 200
Kbps?
16. How many bits can fit on a link with a 2 ms delay
if the bandwidth of the link is
a. 1 Mbps?
b. 10 Mbps?
c. 100 Mbps?
1. Why do optical signals used in fiber optic
cables have a very short wave length?

Optical signals have very high


frequencies. A high frequency
means a short wave
length because the wave length is
inversely proportional to the
frequency ( = v/f),
where v is the propagation speed in
the media.
2. We send a voice signal from a microphone
to a recorder. Is this baseband or broadband
transmission?
This is baseband transmission
because no modulation is
involved.
3. We modulate several voice signals and
send them through the air. Is this baseband
or broadband transmission?
This is broadband transmission
because it involves modulation.
4. Given the following periods, calculate the
corresponding frequencies.
a. 5 s
b. 12 s
c. 220 ns

a. f = 1 / T = 1 / (5 s) = 0.2 Hz
b. f = 1 / T = 1 / (12 s) =83333 Hz
= 83.333 103 Hz =
83.333 KHz
c. f = 1 / T = 1 / (220 ns) =
4550000 Hz
= 4.55 106 Hz = 4.55 MHz
5. What is the bandwidth of a signal that can
be decomposed into five sine waves with
frequencies at 0, 20, 50, 100, and 200 Hz?
All peak amplitudes are the same. Draw the
bandwidth.
6. A periodic composite signal contains
frequencies from 10 to 30 KHz, each with an
amplitude of 10 V. Draw the frequency
spectrum.
7. A TV channel has a bandwidth of 6 MHz. If
we send a digital signal using one channel,
what are the data rates if we use one
harmonic, three harmonics, and five
harmonics?
Using the first harmonic, data rate = 2 6
MHz
= 12 Mbps
Using three harmonics, data rate = (2 6
MHz) /3
= 4 Mbps
Using five harmonics, data rate = (2 6
MHz) /5
= 2.4 Mbps
8. The attenuation of a signal is -10 dB.
What is the final signal power if it was
originally 5 W?

10 = 10 log10 (P2 / 5)
log10 (P2 / 5) = 1
(P2 / 5) = 101
P2 = 0.5 W
9. If the bandwidth of the channel is 5 Kbps,
how long does it take to send a frame of
100,000 bits out of this device?

100,000 bits / 5 Kbps = 20 s


10. A signal has a wavelength of 1 m in air.
How far can the front of the wave travel
during 1000 periods?

1 m 1000 = 1000 m = 1 mm
11. We measure the performance of a telephone
line (4 KHz of bandwidth). When the signal is 10 V,
the noise is 5 mV. What is the maximum data rate
supported by this telephone line?

4,000 log2 (1 + 10 / 0.005) =


43,866 bps
12. A computer monitor has a resolution of
1200 by 1000 pixels. If each pixel uses 1024
colors, how many bits are needed to send
the complete contents of a screen?

To represent 1024 colors, we need


log21024
= 10 bits.
The total number of bits are,
1200 1000 10 = 12,000,000
bits
13. If the peak voltage value of a signal is 20
times the peak voltage value of the noise,
what is the SNR? What is the SNRdB?
SNR= (signal power)/(noise power)
However, power is proportional to the
square of voltage.
SNR = [(signal voltage)2] / [(noise
voltage)2]
=[(signal voltage) / (noise voltage)] 2
= 202 = 400
SNRdB = 10 log10 SNR 26.02
14. We need to upgrade a channel to a higher
bandwidth.
Answer the following questions:
a. How is the rate improved if we double the
bandwidth?
b. How is the rate improved if we double the SNR?

a. The data rate is doubled (C2 = 2


C1).
b. When the SNR is doubled, the data
rate increases slightly. We can say
that,
approximately, (C2 = C1 + 1).
15. What is the transmission time of a
packet sent by a station if the length of the
packet is 1 million bytes and the bandwidth
of the channel is 200 Kbps?

transmission time = (packet length)/


(bandwidth)
= (8,000,000 bits) /
(200,000 bps)
= 40 s
16. How many bits can fit on a link with a 2
ms delay if the bandwidth of the link is
a. 1 Mbps?
b. 10 Mbps?
c. 100 Mbps?
a. Number of bits = bandwidth delay
= 1 Mbps 2 ms = 2000 bits
b. Number of bits = bandwidth delay
= 10 Mbps 2 ms = 20,000 bits
c. Number of bits = bandwidth delay
= 100 Mbps 2 ms = 200,000 bits

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