Cyber Security

By
Er. Amandeep Kaur
A.P (CSE)
 Cyber Security
The events of Sept. 11 2001 proved that terror attacks
on nonmilitary targets could be crippling to our
national infrastructure.
A week after the first anniversary of the day that
changed everything, the White House released a 60-
page draft plan called the National Strategy to Secure
Cyberspace, which also points out that US businesses-
-and individuals--are potential targets for cyber-
terrorism.
The experts say we can't rule anything out, but are
advising us to be realistic.
 What is Cyberspace?
Cyberspace is a worldwide network of computers and
the equipment that connects them, which by its very
design is free and open to the public (the Internet)

We've become increasingly

reliant on the net, and it's
being used right now to
transfer everything from
friendly emails to
hypersensitive data.

As Stanley Konter, CEO of Savannah's Sabre

Technologies, notes, "The problem has gotten more
prevalent with always-on, high-speed internet access.
Attackers are always out there looking for that type of
computer."
 What is Cyberspace?
Konter is referring to that fact that as long as your
computer is connected to the internet, that connection
can go both ways.
The attackers are mostly malicious pranksters, looking
to access personal and business machines or disrupt
net service with virus programs proliferated via email,
usually just to prove they can.
However, there are also more serious attackers out
there whose goals could range from mining valuable
data (your credit card or bank information, design
secrets, research secrets, etc) to even disrupting
critical systems like the stock market, power grids, air-
traffic controllers programs, and the most dangerous-
our nuclear weapons
Cyberspace as a Battleground?
Each day, there is an increase in the number of threats
against our nation's critical infrastructures.
These threats come in the form of computer intrusion
(hacking), denial of service attacks, and virus
deployment. Because of this problem, the National
Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) was created.
Located in the FBI's headquarters building in
Washington, D.C., the NIPC brings together
representatives from U.S. government agencies, state
and local governments, and the private sector in
partnership to protect our nation's critical
infrastructures.
 What are the Threats?
Q: What's the biggest cyber threat facing America
today? Organized terrorism, or a bored, curious
kid?
FBI: At this point it is difficult to quantify since
computer intrusions occur daily originating from
several sources. The origination of these intrusions
and the intent of the intruders is often not obvious.

These threats come in the form of:

1. Computer Intrusion (hacking-passive or active)
2. Denial of service attacks (DOS)
3. Virus & Worms deployment.
 State of the Industry
According to the 2003 Computer Security Institute
and FBI annual study on security, 95% of
respondents detected computer security breaches in
the last 12 months.

Companies will spend nearly $24 Billion on network

security in 2004 and it is expected this amount could
triple in the next two years.
 Cyber Security Risks
The British security consulting firm mi2g
calculates that the number of malicious hacking
attacks worldwide jumped from about 8,000 in
2000 to 31,000 in 2001, and projects attacks to
exceed 60,000 in 2004.
60000

50000

40000

30000
Attacks
20000

10000

0
2000 2001 2002 2003
 Clean up cost of Cyber-attacks
SirCam: 2.3 million computers affected
Clean-up: $460 million
Lost productivity: $757 million
Code Red: 1 million computers affected
Clean-up: $1.1 billion
Lost productivity: $1.5 billion
Love Bug: 50 variants, 40 million
computers affected
$8.7 billion for clean-up and lost
productivity
Nimda
Cost still to be determined
 Virus Profiles

Nimda (note the

garbage in the
subject)

Sircam
(note the personal text)

Both emails have

executable attachments
with the virus payload.
Trojan Horse Attack
Trojan Horse is
activated when
the software or
attachment is
executed.

Trojan Horse releases

Trojan Horse virus, monitors
arrives via email computer activity,
or software like installs backdoor, or
free games. transmits information
to hacker.
 Denial of Service Attacks
In a denial of service attack, a hacker compromises a
system and uses that system to attack the target
computer, flooding it with more requests for services
than the target can handle. In a distributed denial of
service attack, hundreds of computers (known as a
zombies) are compromised, loaded with DOS attack
software and then remotely activated by the hacker.
 Spamming Attacks
Sending out e-mail messages in bulk. Its
electronic junk mail.
Spamming can leave the information system
vulnerable to overload.
Less destructive, used extensively for e-marketing
purposes.
 What Does it Mean- Security?
Security is the quality or state of being secure--to be free
from danger. But what are the types of security we have to be
concern with?
Physical security - addresses the issues necessary to
protect the physical items, objects or areas of an organization
from unauthorized access and misuse.
Personal security - addresses the protection of the
individual or group of individuals who are authorized to
access the organization and its operations.
Operations security- protection of the details of a
particular operation or series of activities.
 What Does it Mean- Security?
Communications security - concerned with the protection
of an organizations communications media, technology, and
content.
Network security is the protection of networking
components, connections, and contents.
Information Security protection of information and its
critical elements, including the systems and hardware that
use, store, or transmit that information.
 The Need for Security
Industry Need for Information Security
An organization needs information security for
four important reasons:
1. To protect the organizations ability to
function,
2. To enable the safe operation of applications
implemented on the organizations IT systems,
3. To protect the data the organization collects
and uses, and
4. To safeguard the technology assets in use
at the organization.
 Information Security Threats
Act of Human Error or Failure (accidents, mistakes)
Compromises to Intellectual Property (piracy,
copyright infringement)
Acts of Espionage or Trespass (unauthorized access
and/or data collection)
Acts of Information Extortion (blackmail of
information disclosure)
Acts of Sabotage or Vandalism (destruction of
systems or information)
Software Attacks (viruses, worms, macros, denial of
service)
 Information Security Threats
Forces of Nature (fire, flood, earthquake, lightning)
Quality of Service Deviations from Service
Providers (power & WAN service issues)
Technical Hardware Failures or Errors (equipment
failure)
Technical Software Failures or Errors (bugs, code
problems, unknown loopholes)
Technological Obsolescence (antiquated or outdated
technologies)
Acts of Human
Error or Failure
Shoulder surfing
takes many forms.
Some may not be
obvious.
 ?
Modern Hacker Profile:
age 12-60, male or
female, unknown
background, with varying
Traditional Hacker Profile*: technological skill levels.
juvenile, male, delinquent, May be internal or external
computer genius to the organization

*Source: Parker, D. B. Fighting Computer Crime, Wiley, 1998.

 Information Security
Tools, such as policy, awareness, training, education,
and technology are necessary for the successful application
of information security.
The NSTISSC (National Security Telecommunications and
Information Systems Security Committee) model of
information security is known as the C.I.A. triangle
(Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) these are
characteristics that describe the utility/value of information
 C.I.A. TRIANGLE
Figure 3
Confidentiality

INFORMATION

Integrity Availability
 The Dilemma of Security
The problem that we cannot get away from in computer
security is that we can only have good security if everyone
understands what security means, and agrees with the need
for security.
Security is a social problem, because it has no meaning
until a person defines what it means to them.
The harsh reality is the following: In practice, most users
have little or no understanding of security. This is our
biggest security hole.
Meaning of Security Lies in Trust
Every security problem has this question it needs to answer
first: Whom or what do we trust?
On our daily lives, we placed some sort of technology
between us and the things we dont trust. For example lock
the car, set the house alarm, give Credit Card number only to
the cashier, etc.
So we decided to trust somebody/something to have some
sort of security (trust the lock, trust the police, trust the
cashier).
We have to have the same scenario for computer & network
systems we use today.
 Components of an
Information System
People are the biggest threat to information security!!!
(WHY? Because WE are the weakest link)
Social Engineering . It is a system that manipulates the
actions of people in order to obtain information about a
system in order to obtain access.
Procedures are written blueprints for accomplishing a
specific task; step-by-step descriptions.
The obtainment of the procedures by an unauthorized user
would constitute a threat to the integrity of the information.
 Figure 5
Hardware
Software
People

Procedures
Data
Components of an Information System
 Figure 6 Internet

Computer as Subject of Crime

Computer as Object of Crime

Remote System
Hacker
 Access vs. Security

When considering security it is important to realize that it is

impossible to obtain perfect security. Security is not an
absolute. Instead security should be considered a balance
between protection and availability.
It is possible to have unrestricted access to a system, so that
the system is available to anyone, anywhere, anytime, through
any means. However, this kind of random access poses a
danger to the integrity of information.
On the other hand complete security of an information
system would not allow anyone access at any given time.
Figure 7

Security Access

Balancing Security and Access- Too much security might

make access hard to get and people will stop using the
system. On the other hand, a too easy access protocol,
might be a security hole for the network. A balance must be
achieved between those two major players
 Top-Down Approach By Upper Management
Figure 8
CEO

CFO CIO COO

VP- VP-
CISO
Systems Networks
Security Systems Network
Mgr Mgr Mgr
Security Systems Network
Admin Admin Admin
Security Systems Network
Tech Tech Tech
Bottom-Up Implementation By Network Administrators
What is Encryption ?
Encryption is the process of converting
messages, information, or data into a form
unreadable by anyone except the intended
recipient. As shown in the figure below,
Encrypted data must be deciphered, or
decrypted, before it can be read by the
recipient.

The root of the word encryptioncrypt

comes from the Greek word kryptos,
meaning hidden or secret.
 History of Cryptography
1900 BC: A scribe in Egypt uses a derivation of the
standard hieroglyphics

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Figure 1: ATBASH Cipher

100-44 BC: Julius Caesar uses a simple

substitution with the normal alphabet in
government communications.

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABC
Figure 2: Caesar Cypher
 History of Cryptography
In 1518 Johannes Trithemius wrote the first printed
book on cryptology. It was also known as changing
key cipher.

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Plaintext
FGUQHXSZACNDMRTVWEJBLIKPYO T00
OFGUQHXSZACNDMRTVWEJBLIKPY T01
YOFGUQHXSZACNDMRTVWEJBLIKP T02
PYOFGUQHXSZACNDMRTVWEJBLIK T03
...
GUQHXSZACNDMRTVWEJBLIKPYOF T25

Figure 3: Changing Key Cipher

 History of Cryptography
1790: Thomas Jefferson invented the wheel cipher

GJTXUVWCHYIZKLNMARBFDOESQP
W1
IKMNQLPBYFCWEDXGZAJHURSTOV
W2
HJLIKNXWCGBDSRVUEOFYPAMQZT
W3
...
BDFONGHJIKLSTVUWMYEPRQXZAC
Wn

Figure 4: A Wheel Cipher

Modern Encryption Algorithms

Private Key Encryption

Public Key Encryption
Quantum Cryptography
 Private Key Algorithms

Private key encryption algorithms use a

single key for both encryption and
decryption. In order to communicate
using this class of ciphers, the key must
be known to both sender and receiver of
the message.
 Public Key Algorithms

Public key methods require two unique

keys per user; one called the public key,
and the other called the private key.

The private key is mathematically linked to

the public key. While public keys are
published, private keys are never
exchanged and always kept secret.
Mathematical Basis of
Public Key Algorithms

Factoring of large integers

RSA Algorithm

Discrete Log Problem

DSA Algorithm
 Quantum Cryptography

Method of secure key exchange over an

insecure channel based on the nature
of photons
Polarized photons are transmitted
between sender and receiver to create
a random string of numbers, the
quantum cryptographic key
Perfect encryption for the 21st century
Experimental stages
Very secure
Modern Encryption Methods and
Authentication Devices

Cryptographic Accelerators

Authentication Tokens

Biometric/Recognition Methods
Examples
Type Cryptographic Authentication Biometric/
Accelerator Token Recognition
Definition Coprocessor External device External
that calculates that interfaces device that
and handles the with device to measures
Random grant access. 2 human body
Number types: contact factors to
Generation and allow access
NonContact
Examples PCI coprocessor Credit Card, Fingerprint,
RSA SecurID Optical,
Voice and
Signature
recognition
 Biometrics Devices

The iris of your eye is the colored

part that surrounds your black pupil,
the black part. Every iris is different.
If a scan of a users iris matches the
one in the security systems memory,
access is allowed.
 Biometrics Devices

Another trait unique to every individual is his or her

voice. The user speaks a specified word or
sentence to gain access to a secured computer.
Distinct patterns, tones, and other qualities in the
voice must match the authorized users voice in the
computers security system.
Biometrics Devices

Another biometric option is

the fingerprint and its unique
identifying characteristics.
Placed on a special reading
pad, a designated fingers
print is recognized by a
computer. A similar
biometric device scans a
persons whole hand
 Biometrics Devices

The blood vessels in a persons face radiate heat.

The patterns of those vessels, and the heat scan,
are completely individual and could be recognized
and required for computer access.
Active in Internet Start-Ups
Finland
Japan
France
Denmark
Germany
UK
Italy
Israel
Canada
US
0 2 4 6 8 10%
USA On-Line Shopping Revenues
$ x Millions
$10,000 90%
$9,000 80%
$8,000 70%
$7,000 60% Web
$6,000
$5,000
50% Users
40%
$4,000
$3,000 30%
$2,000 20%
$1,000 10%
$0 0%
1995 96 97 98 99 2000 1 2 3

Forrester Research
A multimedia world..in transition..
Copper to glass
Radio + Satellite + IR
Fixed to mobile

Robert Statica Cybersecurity

 Machines Overtake Mankind
100
% Network Traffic
75

Mankind
50 6Bn Machines
Machines
25

20Bn
0

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

 Trust is a key issue limiting
adoption of e-technology

Language 1%
Training 3%
Lack of skills 7%
Cost 9%
Implementation difficulty 10%
Lack of knowledge 10%
Technology resistance 10%
Customers not connected 24%
Security worries 25%
Its not about $ - It is about time
Rate of change Technology

Companies
Business
Society
People

Legal Systems
Governments

Today Time
Everything will be in Cyberspace
covered by a hierarchy of computers!

Cell
Body

Continent Home

Region Car
Building
Campus

World
Fractal Cyberspace: a network
of networks of platforms
Robert Statica Cybersecurity Original by Gordon Bell
 Survival..

It is not the strongest of the

species that survive, nor the most
intelligent, but the one most
responsive to change
Charles Darwin
Thank You!