Features of OOP

Object
Class
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Abstraction
Encapsulation
 Features of Java
Simple
Object-Oriented
Platform independent
Secured
Robust
Portable
Dynamic
Interpreted
High Performance
Multithreaded
Distributed
 Java vs C++
C++ supports pointers whereas Java does not pointers
Java is platform independent language but c++ is depends upon
operating system machine.
Java uses compiler and interpreter both but in c++ their is only compiler
C++ supports operator overloading and multiple inheritance but java
does not.
Java does is a similar to C++ but not have all the complicated aspects of
C++ (ex: Pointers, templates, unions, operator overloading, structures
etc..)
Thread support is in Java but not in C++.
Internet support is in Java but not in C++
Java does not support header file, include library files just like C++ .
Java use import to include different Classes and methods.
 Polymorphism in Java
Polymorphism in java is a concept by which we can perform a single
action by different ways. The word "poly" means many and "morphs"
means forms. So polymorphism means many forms.

There are two types of polymorphism in java:

compile time polymorphism (Method Overloading)
runtime polymorphism. (Method Overriding)
 Method Overloading in Java

If a class have multiple methods by same

name but different parameters, it is known
as Method Overloading.
There are two ways to overload the method
in java
1. By changing number of arguments
2. By changing the data type
 Example of Method Overloading
by changing the no. of arguments
class Calculation
{
void sum(int a,int b)
{
System.out.println(a+b);
}
void sum(int a,int b,int c)
{
System.out.println(a+b+c);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Calculation obj=new Calculation();
obj.sum(10,10,10);
obj.sum(20,20);
}
}
 Example of Method Overloading
by changing data type of argument
class Calculation2
{
void sum(int a,int b)
{
System.out.println(a+b);
}
void sum(double a,double b)
{
System.out.println(a+b);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Calculation2 obj=new Calculation2();
obj.sum(10.5,10.5);
obj.sum(20,20);
}
}
Can we overload main() method?
class Overloading1
{
public static void main(int a)
{
System.out.println(a);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("main() method invoked");
main(10);
}
}
 Constructor Overloading in Java
class Student5
{ public static void main(
int id; String args[])
String name; {
int age; Student5 s1 = new Stud
Student5(int i,String n) ent5(111,"Karan");
{ Student5 s2 = new Stud
id = i; ent5(222,"Aryan",25);
name = n; s1.display();
} s2.display();
Student5(int i,String n,i }
nt a) }
{
 Java Copy Constructor
There is no copy constructor in java. But, we can copy the values
of one object to another
public static void main(String args[])
class Student6{ {
int id; Student6 s1 = new Student6(111,"Karan");
Student6 s2 = new Student6(s1);
String name; s1.display();
Student6(int i,String n) s2.display();
}
{ }
id = i;
name = n;
}
Student6(Student6 s)
{
id = s.id;
name =s.name;
Copying values without constructor
class Student7 public static void main(String args[])
{
{ Student7 s1 = new Student7(111,"Karan");
int id; Student7 s2 = new Student7();
s2.id=s1.id;
String name; s2.name=s1.name;
Student7(int i,String n) s1.display();
s2.display();
{ }
id = i; }
name = n;
}
Student7()
{
}
void display()
{
 this keyword in java

There can be a lot of usage of java this

keyword. In java,
this is a reference variable that refers to the
current
object.
Usage of java this keyword:
this keyword can be used to refer current class
instance variable.
this() can be used to invoke current class
constructor.
 Understanding the problem
without this keyword
class Student10 public static void main(String args[])
{ {
int id; Student10 s1 = new Student10(111,"Karan");
String name; Student10 s2 = new Student10(321,"Aryan");
Student10(int id,String name) s1.display();
{ s2.display();
id = id; }
name = name; }
}
void display()
{
System.out.println(id+" "+name);
}
Solution of the above problem by
this keyword
class Student10 public static void main(String args[])
{ {
int id; Student10 s1 = new Student10(111,"Karan");
String name; Student10 s2 = new Student10(321,"Aryan");
Student10(int id,String name) s1.display();
{ s2.display();
this.id = id; }
this.name = name; }
}
void display()
{
System.out.println(id+" "+name);
}
 this() can be used to invoked
current class constructor.
class Student13 public static void main(String args[])
{ {
int id; Student13 e1 = new Student13(111,"karan");
String name; Student13 e2 = new Student13(222,"Aryan");
Student13() e1.display();
{ e2.display();
System.out.println("default constructor "); }
} }
Student13(int id,String name)
{
this ();
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}
void display()
{
System.out.println(id+" "+name);
}
 this() can be used to invoked
current class constructor.
class Student14 void display()
{ {
int id; System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+city);
String name; }
String city; public static void main(String args[])
Student14(int id,String name) {
{ Student14 e1 = new Student14(111,"karan");
this.id = id; Student14 e2 = new Student14(222,"Aryan","delhi");
this.name = name; e1.display();
} e2.display();
Student14(int id,String name,String city) }
{ }
this(id,name);
this.city=city;
}
 Java static keyword

The static keyword in java is used for memory

management mainly. We can apply java static
keyword with variables, methods, blocks and
nested
class. The static keyword belongs to the class
than
instance of the class.
The static can be:
variable (also known as class variable)
method (also known as class method)
 Java static variable
The static variable can be used to refer the common property of all
objects (that is not unique for each object) e.g. company name of
employees,college name of students etc.
class Student8 public static void main(String args[])
{ {
int rollno; Student8 s1 = new Student8(111,"Karan");
String name; Student8 s2 = new Student8(222,"Aryan");
static String college ="ITS"; s1.display();
Student8(int r,String n) s2.display();
{ }
rollno = r; }
name = n;
}
void display ()
{
System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+colle
ge);
}
 Program of counter without static
class Counter variable
{
int count=0; //will get memory when instance is created
Counter()
{
count++;
System.out.println(count);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Counter c1=new Counter();
Counter c2=new Counter();
Counter c3=new Counter();
}
}
 Program of counter by static
class Counter variable
{
static int count=0; //will get memory only once and retain its value
Counter()
{
count++;
System.out.println(count);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Counter c1=new Counter();
Counter c2=new Counter();
Counter c3=new Counter();
}
}
 Java static methods

If you apply static keyword with any method,

it
is known as static method.
A static method belongs to the class rather than
object of a class.
A static method can be invoked without the
need for creating an instance of a class.
static method can access static data member.
The static method can not use non static data
member or call non-static method directly.
 Example of static method
class Student9 public static void main(String args[])
{ {
int rollno; Student9.change();
String name; Student9 s1 = new Student9 (111,"Karan");
static String college = "ITS"; Student9 s2 = new Student9 (222,"Aryan");
static void change() Student9 s3 = new Student9 (333,"Sonoo");
{ s1.display();
college = "BBDIT"; s2.display();
} s3.display();
Student9(int r, String n) }
{ }
rollno = r;
name = n;
}
void display ()
{
System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+colle
ge);
}
 Example of static method
class Calculate
{
static int cube(int x)
{
return x*x*x;
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
int result=Calculate.cube(5);
System.out.println(result);
}
}
 Example : Static Method
class A
{
int sum, x;
void add()
{
Sum=sum+x;
System.out.println(sum);
}
public static void main(String [] args)
{
A ob1=new A();
Ob1.add();
 why java main method is static?

because object is not required to call static

method
if it were non-static method, jvm create object
first then call main() method that will lead the
problem of extra memory allocation.
 Java static block
static block can be used for static initializations of a class variables.

class Calculate
{
static int a=3;
static int b;
static void cube(int x)
{
System.out.println(x);
System.out.println(a);
System.out.println(b);
}
Static
{
System.out.println(output is);
b=a*4;
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
cube(5);
}
 Can we execute a program without main()
method?
class A3
{
static
{
System.out.println("static block is invoked");
System.exit();
}
}
 Java Package

A java package is a group of similar types of

classes
Package in java can be categorized in two
form: built-in package and user-defined
package.
There are many built-in packages such as lang,
awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql etc.
Java Package
 Java Package

The package keyword is used to create a

package
in java.
//save as Simple.java
package mypack;
public class Simple
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Welcome to package");
 How to access package from
another package?
There are three ways to access the package from
outside the package.
import package.*;
import package.classname;
fully qualified name.
 Using packagename.*

//save by A.java //save by B.java

package pack; package mypack;
public class A import pack.*;
{ class B
public void msg() {
{ public static void main(String args[])
System.out.println("Hello"); {
} A obj = new A();
} obj.msg();
}
}
 Using packagename.classname

//save by A.java //save by B.java

package pack; package mypack;
public class A import pack.A;
{ class B
public void msg() {
{ public static void main(String args[])
System.out.println("Hello"); {
} A obj = new A();
} obj.msg();
}
}
 How to run java package
program
To Compile: javac -d . Simple.java
To Run: java mypack.Simple
 Inheritance in Java

Inheritance in java is a mechanism in which

one object acquires all the properties and
behaviors of parent object.
When you inherit from an existing class, you
can reuse methods and fields of parent class,
and you can add new methods and fields also.
The extends keyword indicates that you are
making a new class that derives from an
existing class.
 Inheritance Example

class Employee
{
float salary=40000;
}
class Programmer extends Employee
{
int bonus=10000;
public static void main(String args[])
{
Programmer p=new Programmer();
Types of inheritance in java
Types of inheritance in java
 Why multiple inheritance is not
supported in java?
Consider a scenario where A, B and C are three
classes. The C class inherits A and B classes. If A
and B classes have same method and you call it
from child class object, there will be ambiguity
to call method of A or B class.
 Method Overriding in Java

If subclass (child class) has the same method as

declared in the parent class, it is known
as method
overriding in java.
Rules:
method must have same name as in the parent
class
method must have same parameter as in the
parent class.
must be IS-A relationship (inheritance).
example of Java Method
Overriding
 example of Java Method
Overriding
class Bank class Test2
{
int getRateOfInterest() {
{ public static void main(String ar
return 0;
gs[])
}
} {
class SBI extends Bank SBI s=new SBI();
{
int getRateOfInterest()
ICICI i=new ICICI();
{ AXIS a=new AXIS();
return 8; System.out.println("SBI Rate of Interest:
} "+s.getRateOfInterest());
} System.out.println("ICICI Rate of Interes
class ICICI extends Bank
t: "+i.getRateOfInterest());
{
int getRateOfInterest() System.out.println("AXIS Rate of Interes
{ t: "+a.getRateOfInterest());
return 7; }
}
}
}
 super keyword in java

The super keyword in java is a reference

variable
that is used to refer immediate parent class
object.
Usage of java super Keyword
super is used to refer immediate parent class
instance variable.
super() is used to invoke immediate parent
class constructor.
super is used to invoke immediate parent class
 super is used to refer immediate
parent class instance variable.
class Vehicle class Vehicle
{ {
int speed=50; int speed=50;
} }
class Bike3 extends Vehicle class Bike4 extends Vehicle
{ {
int speed=100; int speed=100;
void display(){ void display()
System.out.println(speed); {
} System.out.println(super.speed);
public static void main(String args[]) }
{ public static void main(String args[])
Bike3 b=new Bike3(); {
b.display(); Bike4 b=new Bike4();
} b.display();
} }
}
super is used to invoke parent class
constructor.
class Vehicle
{
Vehicle()
{
System.out.println("Vehicle is created");
}
}
class Bike5 extends Vehicle
{
Bike5()
 super can be used to invoke parent
class method
class Person void display()
{ {
void message() message();
{ super.message();
System.out.println("welcome"); }
}
} public static void main(String args[])
{
class Student16 extends Person Student16 s=new Student16();
{ s.display();
void message() }
{ }
System.out.println("welcome to java");
}
 Java Command Line Arguments

The java command-line argument is an argument

i.e.
passed at the time of running the java program.
class A
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
for(int i=0;i<args.length;i++)
System.out.println(args[i]);
}
 Final Keyword In Java

The final keyword in java is used to restrict the

user. The java final keyword can be used in
many context.
Final can be:
Variable - Stop Value Change
Method -Stop Method Overriding
Class - Stop Inheritance
 Java final variable
If you make any variable as final, you cannot change the value of
final variable(It will be constant).
class Bike9
{
final int speedlimit=90;//final variable
void run()
{
speedlimit=400;
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Bike9 obj=new Bike9();
obj.run();
}
}
 Java final method
If you make any method as final, you cannot override it.

class Bike
{
final void run()
{
System.out.println("running");
}
}
class Honda extends Bike
{
void run()
{
System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Honda honda= new Honda();
honda.run();
}
}
 Java final class
If you make any class as final, you cannot extend it.

final class Bike

{
}

class Honda1 extends Bike

{
void run()
{
System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Honda1 honda= new Honda();
honda.run();
}
}
 Abstraction in Java
Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only
functionality to the user. It shows only important things to the user and hides the internal
details

Ways to achieve Abstaction

There are two ways to achieve abstraction in java
Abstract class
Interface
 Abstract class and method in Java
A class that is declared as abstract is known as abstract class. It needs to be extended and its
method implemented. It cannot be instantiated.

A method that is declared as abstract and does not have implementation is known as abstract
method.

Abstract classes may or may not contain abstract methods

But, if a class have at least one abstract method, then the class must be declared abstract.

To use an abstract class you have to inherit it from another class.

If you inherit an abstract class you have to provide implementations to all the abstract methods
in it.
 Example
abstract class A
{
abstract void callme();
}
class B extends A
{
void callme()
{
System.out.println("this is callme.");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
B b=new B();
b.callme();
}
}
 Abstraction using abstract class
abstract class Vehicle
{
public abstract void engine();
}
public class Car extends Vehicle
{
public void engine()
{
System.out.println("Car engine"); //car engine implementation
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Car v = new Car();
v.engine();
}
}
 Java Interface
An interface in java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and abstract methods only.

The interface in java is a mechanism to achieve fully abstraction.

By interface, we can support the functionality of multiple inheritance.

Writing an interface is similar to writing a class. But a class describes the attributes and
behaviours of an object. And an interface contains behaviours that a class implements.
 Java Interface
An interface is different from a class in several ways,:

You cannot instantiate an interface.

An interface does not contain any constructors.

All of the methods in an interface are abstract.

An interface cannot contain instance fields. The only fields that can appear in an interface must
be declared both static and final.

An interface is not extended by a class; it is implemented by a class.

An interface can extend multiple interfaces.

 Java Interface
When implementation interfaces there are several rules:

A class can implement more than one interface at a time.

A class can extend only one class, but implement many interfaces.

An interface can extend another interface, similarly to the way that a class can extend another
class.
 Java Interface Example
interface printable
{
void print();
}

class A6 implements printable

{
public void print()
{
System.out.println("Hello");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
A6 obj = new A6();
obj.print();
}
}
Java Interface Example(Multiple Inheritance)

interface Printable public static void main(St

{ ring args[])
void print(); {
} A7 obj = new A7();
interface Showable obj.print();
{ obj.show();
void show(); }
} }
class A7 implements Printa
ble,Showable
{
public void print()
Java Interface Example(Multiple Inheritance)
interface Printable
{
void print();
}
interface Showable
{
void print();
}
class TestTnterface1 implements Printable,Show
able
{
 Interface Inheritance
A class implements interface
but one interface extends another interface .
interface Printable{ void print(); }

interface Showable extends Printable{ void sho

w(); }

class Testinterface2 implements Showable

{
public void print()
{