CH 35WH

World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 35
Struggles for Democracy, 1945-Present

China and governments in Latin America, Africa, and the former Soviet bloc respond to
calls for democracy.
Next
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Chapter 35
Struggles for Democracy, 1945-Present
SECTION 1 Democracy
SECTION 2 The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
SECTION 3 The Collapse of the Soviet Union
SECTION 4 Changes in Central and Eastern Europe
SECTION 5 China: Reform and Reaction
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Chapter 35
Section-1
Democracy
In Latin America, economic problems and authoritarian rule delay democracy.
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Chapter 35
Section-1
Democracy
Democracy As a Goal
Difficulties in Establishing Democracy

Common practices include free elections and citizen participation
Also: majority rule, minority rights, constitutional government
Difficult to establish democracyeven in U.S., took many years
These practices need conditions in country to support them
Education and a stable economy help
So do individual rights, rule by law, sense of national identity
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Chapter 35
Dictators and Democracy
Brazils Early History

Brazil: monarchy in 1822, republic controlled by wealthy in 1889
In 1930s, dictator suppresses opposition but builds economy
Kubitscheks Ambitious Program

Juscelino Kubitschek builds economy, new capital cityBraslia
His followers back reforms, but conservatives object to land reform
Land reformbreaking up huge estates into holdings for peasants
Wealthy Brazilians support takeover by military in 1964
Continued Next
Chapter 35
Dictators Democracy {continued}
Military Dictators
Military rules for two decades, building economy but cutting wages
Standard of livinglevel of material comfortdeclines
The Road to Democracy

In 1980s, Brazil has recessioneconomic slowdown
Civilian leaders elected but cannot fix economy
The 2002 Presidential Election

New election in 2002 includes rivals with different economic views
Luis Incio Lula da Silva wins election; hopes to reclaim economy
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Chapter 35
One-Party Rule {continued}
Beginnings of One-Party Domination

In 1920s and 1930s, leaders build a party that dominates Mexico
Lzaro Crdenas rules 19341940, next presidents abandon his reforms
The Party Becomes the PRI

In 1946, main party becomes PRIInstitutional Revolutionary Party
Party controls government; fraud, corruption mar elections
In 1968, students and workers protest, soldiers fire on crowd
Mexico depends on oil and gas income, suffers when prices fall
Continued Next
Chapter 35
One-Party Rule {continued}
Economic and Political Crises

Opposition parties gain support, force reforms in 1988
In 1994, rebels in southern Mexico state of Chiapas stage uprising
The PRI Loses Control

Other parties gain many seats in Congress
Center-right candidate Vicente Fox wins presidency in 2000
New Policies and Programs

As new president, Fox has many ambitious goals
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Chapter 35
Political and Economic Disorder
Pern Rules Argentina

In 1946, Juan Pern becomes dictator in Argentina; ousted in 1955
Repression in Argentina
Military rules into 1970s, but country develops many problems
Government moves harshly against opposition, killing many people
Democracy and the Economy

Government disgraced after losing Falklands war in 1982
Civilians elected to lead, but cannot solve economic problems
Continued Next
Chapter 35
Political and Economic Disorder {continued}
A Growing Crisis
Economic problems continue with high debt, unemployment
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Chapter 35
Section-2
The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
As the recent histories of Nigeria and South Africa show, ethnic and racial conflicts
can hinder democracy.
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Chapter 35
Section-2
The Challenge of Democracy in Africa
Colonial Rule Limits Democracy
European Policies Cause Problems

Borders of colonies in Africa ignore ethnic, cultural divisions
As a result, national identity is slow to develop in Africa
Colonial rule produces economic problems
Colonial rule also disrupts family, community life
Short-Lived Democracies
Post-independence governments fragile, vulnerable to military coups
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Chapter 35
Civil War in Nigeria
A Land of Many Peoples

Nigeria has people from three ethnic groups, each with own state
Country adopts federal systemstate, central governments share power
War with Biafra

In 1960s, country torn by ethnic fighting
Military imposes martial lawtemporary military rulein 1966
In 1967, eastern region leaves Nigeria, forms new country of Biafra
War ends in 1970 with Biafra defeated, Nigeria reunited
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Chapter 35
Nigerias Nation-Building
Federal Government Restored

In 1970s and 1980s military tries to create stable federal system
A Return to Civilian Rule

General Sani Abacha overturns election results of 1993, takes power
He punishes dissidentsgovernment opponents
In 1999, civilian government finally gains power
President Obasanjo
Obasanjo tries to build strong, unified Nigeria by ending corruption
Promotes idea of forgiveness of Nigerias debt to rebuild country
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Chapter 35
South Africa Under Apartheid
Minority Rule
South Africa gains independence in 1931; white minority rules
Apartheid Segregates Society

In 1948, National Party enacts apartheidseparation of races
Government sets up reserves, called homelands, for blacks in 1959
Blacks Protest
In 1912, blacks form African National Congress (ANC) to protest
Nelson MandelaANC leader imprisoned for 27 years
Protests rise in 1970s and 1980s, sometimes resulting in violence
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Chapter 35
Struggle for Democracy
Pressure for Change

Religious leader Desmond Tutu urges economic
pressure on government
He asks other countries not to trade with South Africa
The First Steps

In 1990, F. W. de Klerk legalizes ANC, frees Mandela from prison
Parliament repeals apartheid laws, grants rights to blacks
De Klerk agrees to elections open to all races to be held in 1994
Continued Next
Chapter 35
Struggle for Democracy {continued}
Majority Rule
In 1994, ANC wins majority of Parliament; Mandela elected president
A New Constitution
In 1996, new constitution adopted giving equal rights to all
South Africa Today

In 1999, Thabo Mbeki elected president
He faces challenges: high crime, unemployment, rampant poverty
He hopes to increase trade with other countries
Major problem facing South Africa is high number of people with AIDS
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Chapter 35
Section-3
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
Democratic reforms bring important changes to the Soviet Union.
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Chapter 35
Section-3
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy
Problems Develop
Politburoruling committee of Communist Party; rules USSR harshly
Leonid Brezhnev dies in 1982; two successors rule briefly
A Younger Leader
Mikhail Gorbachevbecomes Soviet leader in 1984
Young, energetic, skilled, wants to pursue new policies
Glasnost Promotes Openness

To achieve economic reforms, he needs open dialogue in society
Promotes new policy of glasnostopenness; dissent allowed
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Chapter 35
Reforming the Economy and Politics
Economic Restructuring
People complain about lack of goods; Gorbachev blames old system
In 1985, he introduces perestroikapolicy of economic restructuring
Hopes to make economy more efficient, productive
Democratization Opens the Political System

In 1987, he unveils plans to have more democracy
Voters, given a choice, elect many reformers to new legislature
Foreign Policy
Gorbachev signs arms control agreements with U.S.
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Chapter 35
The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil
Ethnic Revolts
Gorbachev wants to reform Soviet Union, but reforms lead to collapse
Non-Russian ethnic groups rebel in different republics
Lithuania Defies Gorbachev

In 1990, Lithuania declares independence
Gorbachev, fearing similar actions in other republics, sends troops
Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev

Reformer Boris Yeltsin rallies people against Communist old guard
Old-time Communists oppose both Gorbachev and Yeltsin
Continued Next
Chapter 35
The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil {continued}
The August Coup

In August 1991, hardliners try to seize control of government again
Thousands of protesters and Yeltsin rally against this move
Army refuses to attack protesters and coup collapses
End of the Soviet Union

Government takes actions to punish Communist Party for the coup
Many republics declare independence; Gorbachev cannot stop them
Republics form a federation, CISCommonwealth of Independent States
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Chapter 35
Russia Under Boris Yeltsin
Yeltsin Faces Problems

Yeltsin aims to reform the Russian economy
Tries shock therapyquick transition to free market system
New policies bring economic chaos and hardship, political troubles
Chechnya Rebels
In 1991, Chechnya declares independence from Russia
Yeltsin attempts to crush rebellion, causing unrest at home
As conflict continues in 1999, he resigns in favor of Vladimir Putin
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Chapter 35
Russia Under Vladimir Putin
Troubles Continue in Chechnya

Fighting drags on in Chechnya
In 2002, Chechen rebels seize theater in Moscow, many die
Economic, Political, and Social Problems

Economic problems continue, leading to unstable politics
Social problems include homelessness, unemployment
Declines in population, standard of living, average life expectancy
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Chapter 35
Section-4
Changes in Central and Eastern Europe
Changes in the Soviet Union lead to changes throughout Central and Eastern Europe.
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Chapter 35
Section-4
Changes in Central and Eastern Europe
Poland and Hungary Reform
The Rise of Solidarity

Workers strike to win recognition of SolidarityPolish labor union
Lech Walesaleader of unionbecomes national hero
Solidarity Defeats Communists

Communist government bans Solidarity but cannot solve economic woes
In 1988, workers rebel to force recognition of Solidarity
Elections in 1989 and 1990 make Walesa president of Poland
Continued Next
Chapter 35
Poland and Hungary Reform {continued}
Poland Votes Out Walesa

Walesa tries to build free market economy quickly
Though some progress made, many Poles unhappy; Walesa voted out
Poland Under Kwasniewski

Alexander Kwasniewski elected president in 1995
Brings Poland into NATO, tries to build strong market economy
Hungarian Communists Disband

In 1990, voters elect non-Communist government in Hungary
Democracy thrives; Hungary joins NATO in 1999
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Chapter 35
Germany Reunifies
Resistance to Change
East Germanys leader resists reforms as in Poland, Hungary
Thousands of East Germans escape through Hungary to Austria
Fall of the Berlin Wall

East Germany closes its borders, sparking massive protests
In late 1989, new East German leader opens Berlin Wall
By end of year, Communist government there has collapsed
Continued Next
Chapter 35
Germany Reunifies {continued}
Reunification
Reunificationmerging of the two Germanysachieved in 1990
Germanys Challenges
East Germany in poor shape, needs rebuilding
This costly effort forces German leader Helmut Kohl to raise taxes
A New Chancellor
In 1998, Kohl voted out of office
New leaderGerhard Schroederhas difficulty reviving economy
Germany becomes more active in world affairs after reunifying
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Chapter 35
Democracy Spreads in Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia Reforms
In 1989, large crowd in Prague protests, demands democracy
Tough government crackdown sparks more protests
By late 1989, Communists are gone; Vclav Havel elected president
Czechoslovakia Breaks Up
Economic reforms hurt people in Slovakia, eastern part of country
In 1993, Czechoslovakia splits into two separate countries
Both economies growslow in Czech Republic; faster in Slovakia
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Chapter 35
Overthrow in Romania
The Romanian Economy

Corruption and crime prevalent through 1990s; economy lags
Much of economy still owned by government, not in private hands
But Government begins moving toward market economy
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Chapter 35
The Breakup of Yugoslavia
Ethnic Problems
Yugoslavia has 8 ethnic groups in a federation of 6 republics
A Bloody Breakup
Milosevic, Serbian leader, tries to impose control on whole country
Slovenia and Croatia fight off Serbian army, win independence
In 1992, Bosnia-Herzegovina declares independence; war breaks out
Serb forces practice ethnic cleansinggetting rid of Bosnian Muslims
In 1995, U.S., UN establish peace setting up multiethnic government
Continued Next
Chapter 35
The Breakup of Yugoslavia {continued}
Rebellion in Kosovo
In 1998, fighting starts in Kosovo, Serb province of ethnic Albanians
Serbian army invades to put down Albanian rebels with harsh force
In 1999, NATO bombs Serbia, forces Serbs to withdraw
The Region Faces Its Problems

Serbia has new leader; Milosevic faces war crimes trials
Montenegro and Serbia form loose union, may separate in future
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Chapter 35
Section-5
China: Reform and Reaction
In response to contact with the West, Chinas government has experimented with
capitalism but has rejected calls for democracy.
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Chapter 35
Section-5
China: Reform and Reaction
The Legacy of Mao
Problems of Maos Rule

Mao Zedong wants to improve Chinas economy, but cannot
Maos policies, a lack of modern technology prevent economic growth
He launches Cultural Revolution in 1960s to revive Communist spirit
Its excesses turn many people against communism
Zhou Enlaileader in early 1970spursues moderate policies
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Chapter 35
China and the West
China Opened Its Doors

Zhou worries that China is too isolated from rest of world
In 1971, U.S. and China begin closer relations
Economic Reform
In 1976, Mao and Zhou die; moderates take control of Communist Party
Deng Xiaopingbecomes leader of China by 1980
Four ModernizationsDengs plan for economic progress
This policy reverses strict Communist policies long backed by Mao
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Chapter 35
Massacre in Tiananmen Square
Unforeseen Problems
Reforms lead to some unrest over privileges of Communist leaders
Western political ideas enter China, encouraging democracy
Students Demand Democracy

In 1989, students protest in Tiananmen Squarepublic area in Beijing
Deng Orders a Crackdown

Deng orders army to surround square, attack protesters
Attack leaves hundreds dead, thousands wounded
Government begins large-scale campaign to end dissent
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Chapter 35
China Enters the New Millennium
China Under Jiang

In 1997, Deng dies; Jiang Zemin takes power
Hardliners want Jiang to move away from Dengs reforms
In 2002, Jiang steps down in favor of Zhu Rongji
Both Jiang and Zhu favor continued reforms
Transfer of Hong Kong

Hong Kongformer British colony, city in China, major economic power
In 1997, Britain hands Hong Kong back to China
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Chapter 35
China Beyond 2000
Economics and Politics

Economic reforms reduce poverty in China
Though many countries have economic problems, Chinas economy grows
Many in China want political reforms
China is becoming more involved with other countries
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Chapter 35
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World History: Patterns of Interaction

Struggles for Democracy, 1945-Present

Struggles for Democracy, 1945-Present

SECTION 2 The Challenge of Democracy in Africa

SECTION 3 The Collapse of the Soviet Union

SECTION 4 Changes in Central and Eastern Europe

SECTION 5 China: Reform and Reaction

Difficulties in Establishing Democracy

Dictators and Democracy

Brazils Early History

Kubitscheks Ambitious Program

Dictators Democracy {continued}

The Road to Democracy

The 2002 Presidential Election

One-Party Rule {continued}

Beginnings of One-Party Domination

The Party Becomes the PRI

One-Party Rule {continued}

Economic and Political Crises

The PRI Loses Control

New Policies and Programs

Political and Economic Disorder

Pern Rules Argentina

Democracy and the Economy

Political and Economic Disorder {continued}

European Policies Cause Problems

Civil War in Nigeria

A Land of Many Peoples

War with Biafra

Federal Government Restored

A Return to Civilian Rule

South Africa Under Apartheid

Apartheid Segregates Society

Struggle for Democracy

Pressure for Change

The First Steps

Struggle for Democracy {continued}

South Africa Today

Glasnost Promotes Openness

Reforming the Economy and Politics

Democratization Opens the Political System

The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil

Lithuania Defies Gorbachev

Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev

The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil {continued}

The August Coup

End of the Soviet Union

Russia Under Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin Faces Problems

Russia Under Vladimir Putin

Troubles Continue in Chechnya

Economic, Political, and Social Problems

The Rise of Solidarity

Solidarity Defeats Communists

Poland and Hungary Reform {continued}

Poland Votes Out Walesa

Poland Under Kwasniewski

Hungarian Communists Disband

Fall of the Berlin Wall