ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Outline
What is AI?

A brief history

The state of the art

 What is intelligence?

Intelligence is the ability to learn/

understand/deal with new situations.

It is the ability to apply knowledge/ to think

abstractly.
 What is AI?
It is the study of how to make computers
behave intelligently.
By Shapiro :- AI is the field of science
and engineering concerned with the
conceptual understanding of what is
commonly called intelligent behavior and
with the creation of artifacts that exhibits
such behavior.
 What is AI?

By Rich :- AI is the study of how to make

computers do things which at the moment
human beings do better.
 What is AI?
Views of AI fall into four categories:

Thinking humanly Thinking rationally

Acting humanly Acting rationally
 Acting humanly: Turing Test
Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":
"Can machines think?" "Can machines behave intelligently?"
Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of

fooling a lay person for 5 minutes
Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years
Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning,
language understanding, learning

 Thinking humanly: cognitive

modeling
1950s "cognitive revolution": information-
processing psychology
Requires scientific theories of internal activities
of the brain
-- How to validate? Requires
1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects
or 2) Direct identification from neurological data
Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science
and Cognitive Neuroscience)
are now distinct from AI
 [cognitive revolution
The cognitive revolution is the name for an
intellectual movement in the 1950s that began
what are known collectively as the cognitive
sciences. It began in the modern context of
greater interdisciplinary communication and
research. The relevant areas of interchange
were the combination of psychology,
anthropology, and linguistics .
A key idea in cognitive psychology was that by
studying and developing successful functions in
artificial intelligence and computer science, it
becomes possible to make testable inferences
about human mental processes.]
 Thinking rationally: "laws of
thought"
Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought
processes?
Several Greek schools developed various forms of
logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts; may
or may not have proceeded to the idea of
mechanization
Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to
modern AI
Problems:
1. Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation
2. What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts should I have?
 Acting rationally: rational agent

Rational behavior: doing the right thing

The right thing: that which is expected to
maximize goal achievement, given the
available information
Doesn't necessarily involve thinking e.g.,
blinking reflex but thinking should be in
the service of rational action
 Rational agents
An agent is an entity that perceives and acts
This course is about designing rational agents
Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept
histories to actions:
[f: P* A]
For any given class of environments and tasks,
we seek the agent (or class of agents) with the
best performance
Caveat: computational limitations make perfect
rationality unachievable
design best program for given machine resources
 AI prehistory
Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
system foundations of learning, language,
rationality
Mathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,
probability
Economics utility, decision theory
Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activity
Psychology phenomena of perception and motor control,
experimental techniques
Computer building fast computers
engineering
Control theory design systems that maximize an objective
function over time
Linguistics knowledge representation, grammar
 Abridged history of AI
1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted
195269 Look, Ma, no hands!
1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,
Gelernter's Geometry Engine
1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
196673 AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
196979 Early development of knowledge-based systems
1980-- AI becomes an industry
1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
1987-- AI becomes a science
1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents
 State of the art
Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion
Garry Kasparov in 1997
Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture)
unsolved for decades
No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of
the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI
logistics planning and scheduling program that involved
up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
NASA's on-board autonomous planning program
controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most
humans
 State of the art
AI recently took the spotlight when IBM's
Watson supercomputer routed human
competitors on the game show Jeopardy.
But when it comes to AI, Watson is just the tip of
the virtual frontal lobe. Labs across the United
States and around the world are exploring much
more than just ways to outwit Ken Jennings.
Scientists are teaching robots to explore
extraterrestrial planets and serve you coffee,
cars are learning to drive themselves, computers
are trying to assist doctors with medical
diagnoses, and video game soldiers are training
to do battle in a virtual theatre of war.
 Applications of AI

AI has been used in a wide range of fields

including medical diagnosis, stock trading,
robot control, law, scientific discovery and
toys. Many thousands of AI applications
are deeply embedded in the infrastructure
of every industry. It includes :
 Applications of AI
1 Computer science
AI researchers have created many tools to solve the most
difficult problems in computer science.
2 Finance
Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize operations,
invest in stocks, and manage properties. In August 2001, robots
beat humans in a simulated financial trading competition.[4]
Financial institutions have long used artificial neural network
systems to detect charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging
these for human investigation.
Creative Virtual has deployed artificial intelligence customer
support systems, or automated online assistants, at E*TRADE,
HSBC, Intuit and Lloyds Banking Group, to assist financial
services customers with services such as checking an account
balance, signing up for a new credit card or retrieving a forgotten
password.
 Applications of AI
3 Hospitals and medicine
A medical clinic can use artificial intelligence systems
to organize bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and
provide medical information.
Artificial neural networks are used as clinical decision
support systems for medical diagnosis, such as in
Concept Processing technology in EMR software.
Other tasks in medicine that can potentially be
performed by artificial intelligence include:
Computer-aided interpretation of medical
images. Such systems help scan digital
images.
 Applications of AI
4 Heavy industry
Robots have become common in many
industries. They are often given jobs that are
considered dangerous to humans. Robots
have proven effective in jobs that are very
repetitive which may lead to mistakes or
accidents due to a lapse in concentration and
other jobs which humans may find degrading.
Japan is the leader in using and producing
robots in the world. In 1999, 1,700,000 robots
were in use worldwide.
 Applications of AI
5 Online and telephone customer service
Artificial intelligence is implemented in automated online
assistants that can be seen as avatars on web pages . It can
avail for enterprises to reduce their operating and training cost .
A major underlying technology to such systems is natural
language processing.
Similar techniques may be used in answering machines of call
centres , such as speech recognition software to allow
computers to handle first level of customer support, text mining
and natural language processing to allow better customer
handling, agent training by automatic mining of best practices
from past interactions, support automation and many other
technologies to improve agent productivity and customer
satisfaction.
 Applications of AI
6 Transportation
Fuzzy logic controllers have been developed for automatic
gearboxes in automobiles (the 2006 Audi TT, VW Toureg and
VW Caravell feature the DSP transmission which utilizes Fuzzy
Logic, a number of koda variants (koda Fabia) also currently
include a Fuzzy Logic based controller).
7 Telecommunications
Many telecommunications companies make use of heuristic
search in the management of their workforces, for example BT
Group has deployed heuristic search in a scheduling application
that provides the work schedules of 20,000 engineers.
 Applications of AI
8 Toys and games
The 1990s saw some of the first attempts to mass-produce domestically aimed
types of basic Artificial Intelligence for education, or leisure. This prospered
greatly with the Digital Revolution, and helped introduce people, especially
children, to a life of dealing with various types of Artificial Intelligence, specifically
in the form of Tamagotchis and Giga Pets, the Internet (example: basic search
engine interfaces are one simple form), and the first widely released robot,
Furby. A mere year later an improved type of domestic robot was released in the
form of Aibo, a robotic dog with intelligent features and autonomy. AI has also
been applied to video games.

9 Music
The evolution of music has always been affected by technology.
With AI, scientists are trying to make the computer emulate the
activities of the skillful musician. Composition, performance,
music theory, sound processing are some of the major areas on
which research in Music and Artificial Intelligence are focusing.
 Applications of AI
10 Aviation
The Air Operations Division AOD, uses AI for the rule based
expert systems. The AOD has use for artificial intelligence for
surrogate operators for combat and training simulators, mission
management aids, support systems for tactical decision making,
and post processing of the simulator data into symbolic
summaries.
The use of artificial intelligence in simulators is proving to be
very useful for the AOD. Airplane simulators are using artificial
intelligence in order to process the data taken from simulated
flights. Other than simulated flying, there is also simulated
aircraft warfare. The computers are able to come up with the
best success scenarios in these situations. The computers can
also create strategies based on the placement, size, speed, and
strength of the forces and counter forces. Pilots may be given
assistance in the air during combat by computers.
 Applications of AI
10 Aviation
The system used by the AOD in order to measure performance
was the Interactive Fault Diagnosis and Isolation System, or
IFDIS. It is a rule based expert system put together by collecting
information from TF-30 documents and the expert advice from
mechanics that work on the TF-30. This system was designed to
be used to for the development of the TF-30 for the RAAF F-
111C. The performance system was also used to replace
specialized workers. The system allowed the regular workers to
communicate with the system and avoid mistakes,
miscalculations, or having to speak to one of the specialized
workers.
The AOD also uses artificial intelligence in speech recognition
software.
The Artificial Intelligence supported Design of Aircraft [1], or
AIDA, is used to help designers in the process of creating
conceptual designs of aircraft.
 Applications of AI
11 News and publishing
The company Narrative Science makes
computer generated news and reports
commercially available, including
summarizing team sporting events based on
statistical data from the game. It also creates
financial reports and real estate analyses.