LECTURE-6

LEARNING LEVEL-1,2

DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING FORMS

by study and analysis of walls, openings ,roofs and sun control
devices.

Maleeha Hassan
 Any construction organization
has the Planning and Design
guidelines available for
reference by Consultants and
Contractors undertaking
projects for the client.
GUIDELINES These guidelines and design
standards conform with the
local, state and federal
regulations, applicable to land
development. Architectural
form is controlled to some
extent by such guidelines/codes.
These guidelines address mainly to
the following issues:
Sustainable design
Universal design
Acoustics
Materials
Openings
Building heights
Signage
HVAC
Hydraulic services
Circulation services
Electrical services
Communications services
Safety/Security Services
Exterior finishes
 Sustainable design is
the design in
accordance with the
principles of social,
economic, and
ecological sustainability.
It is also called
environmental design.

Universal design refers

to ideas meant to
produce buildings that
are accessible to older
people, people without
disabilities, and people
with disabilities.
 1. To achieve harmony of each
building with its neighboring
buildings.
2. To protect the property values
and enhance the owners
investment by ensuring a well
OBJECTIVES planned and well maintained
development.
3. To achieve standards
consistent with the concepts of
a better environment.
 The design and construction of
each building shall be
economical and eliminate the
wasteful use of space.
Expensive exterior and interior
finishes shall be avoided,
however the buildings own
identity shall be a
consideration in the external
facade elements where
MAIN CONSIDERATIONS appropriate.
The placing of protruding
building services and
equipment on building facades
and rooftops shall be avoided
or shielded from view.
Flexibility of future use of
building spaces is to be
considered as an important
design
 Probable effect on the building
is to be assessed in relation to
future change of use.
Pipes and services are to be
concealed yet accessible where
possible.
The materials shall reflect low
maintenance considerations.
All structural and service
components shall be readily
accessible and shall not be
labor intensive at the repair
stage.
Buildings greater than three
floors in height shall be
designed to include or
accommodate an approved
building access systems for
maintenance and cleaning of
the external facade.
 Residential
Commercial
CATEGORIES Industrial
 Master site plan.
Plan for each floor including
basic footprint and overall
SUBMISSIONS dimensions.
Elevations
Typical landscaping
Location of HVAC equipment.
 Addresses both architectural
and site design issues.
These guidelines emphasize the
architectural elements that
shape the building appearance
from the street, neighbors and
adjacent properties.
The overall height, scale and
bulk relationship between
buildings are the primary visual
RESIDENTIAL elements that establish and
reinforce the architectural
setting or context of the
neighborhood.
Good site planning produces
well organized and functional
living spaces which
compliment the lay out of the
building.
 Front, rear and side setbacks
 Building form and street
layouts should work with the
existing topography.
The site design should
preserve the quality of land
and enhance the existing
vegetation and natural
habitats.
The materials and colors
should be visually harmonious
with the overall appearance of
the community.
Design features should be used
in a way to augment the
neighboring houses and
community set up.
Privacy between neighboring
units must be ensured.
 In this case there is no external boundary wall. The plot line is defined by protecting the
vegetation.
 The standards do not establish
a specific architectural style for
commercial and industrial
buildings in general.
It only seek to promote variety
and creativity of design within
a certain framework of
functions.
It is to ensure that the
buildings are functional, of
COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL good quality and they make a
positive contribution to the
community.
The degree of detailing
required vary depending upon
the degree of visibility,
prominence in a community
and proximity to the
pedestrian activity as well as
its intended use.
 The design elements used to
control the amount of sunlight
that is admitted into a building
SUN CONTROL DEVICES are termed as sun control
devices.
 Shading devices can have a
dramatic impact on building
appearance. This impact can be
for the better or for the worse.
The earlier in the design process
IMPACTS ON BUILDING FORM that shading devices are
considered, the more likely they
are to be attractive and well-
integrated in the overall
architecture of a project.
 Buildings that employ passive solar
heating often depend on well-
designed sun control and
shading devices. Solar control
and shading can be provided by
a wide range of components
including:
Facades
Roofs
Windows/skylights
Light shelves
Landscape features such as
mature trees or hedge rows
acting as buffers.
Exterior elements such as
awnings or vertical fins
Interior elements such as
A skylight Venetian blinds or adjustable
louvers.
Venetian blinds/louvers Vertical fins
--
 Awning or overhang is a
secondary covering
attached to the exterior
wall of a building. It is
made up of cotton or
polyester fabric stretched
tightly to a frame of
aluminum, iron or steel.

--
 Trees/vegetation as buffer zone providing protection against harsh weather and wind
dust.
 A wall is a vertical structure,
usually solid, that defines and
sometimes protects an area.
Most commonly, a wall
delineates a building and
supports its superstructure,
separates space in buildings
into sections, or protects or
delineates a space in the
FACADES AND EXTERIOR open air. The three principal
types of structural walls are
WALLS building walls, exterior
boundary walls, and retaining
walls.
Interior walls may or may not
be load bearing. Exterior walls
include front wall, side walls
and rear wall
Walls greater than 100 ft in length At least 60 % of a wall length
should have: should have acceptable
Projections features like:
Recessions Windows
Other treatments to reduce Awnings
the unbroken massing of
facade on all sides. Exterior material should be
Different materials and arch compatible with the
features that are incorporated neighboring lots. Those items
to create some separate which are generally not
character for each large allowed on walls facing public
section. Although the facades streets are:
may not be broken into smaller Air conditioners
sections. Electricity meters
Equal treatment on all for sides Ac compressors
of a building in terms of Irrigation and pool pumps
material and design features.
 Breaking down of large roof area and adding building mass with
recessions.
 Breaking down scale of external boundary wall of a contoured site by
different design approaches.
 Slopes may be kept rounded to give a more natural appearance with
the existing contours.
 A roof is the covering on the
uppermost part of a building. A
roof protects the building and
its contents from the effects
of weather and the invasion
of animal. Its main functions
are insulation and drainage.
The design elements include
material, construction and
ROOF durability.
The characteristics of a roof
depends upon the type of the
building that it covers,
available material, weather
conditions and concepts of
architectural design practice in
the respective
community/development
authority.
Generally roof design should
provide variation in:
Roofline where appropriate
Reduce the massive scale
Should include two or more
roof plans.
 These include all forms of
fenestration like windows and
doors.
Doors and windows are the
fixtures that perforate the
permeable barriers of our
homes, acting to let in light
inside and allow us to view the
outdoors. They are often
overlooked and highly
OPENINGS standardized.
Historically, windows are
designed with surfaces parallel
to vertical building walls. Such
a design allows considerable
solar light and heat
penetration due to the most
commonly occurring incidence
of sun angles.
One form of opening is passive
solar window.
Properly positioning these
windows in relation to sun,
wind, and landscapewhile
properly shading them to limit
excess heat gain in summer and
providing thermal mass to
absorb energy during the day
and release it when
temperatures cool at night,
increases comfort and energy
efficiency. Properly designed in
climates with adequate solar
gain, these can even be a
building's primary heating
system as well as design
modifiers.
 A light shelf is a horizontal
surface that reflects daylight
deep into a building.
They are placed over eye level
and have high reflectance
upper surface which reflects
daylight into the ceiling and
deeper into space.
Typically used in high rise/low
ARCHITECTURAL LIGHT rise office buildings and
institutional buildings.
SHELVES
Reduce the glare upon window
due to overhang.
They are preferred in mild
regions.
Made up of aluminum
composite material or
translucent polycarbonate
panels.
 Architectural light shelves and clerestory windows.
OTHER TYPES OF WINDOWS/OPENINGS USED TO DEFINE
INTERIOR & EXTERIOR FORMS ARE:
Thank you!