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    Week 02

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    Amira Syazana
    A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a crystalline structure and characteristic physical properties. Minerals have properties such as hardness, cleavage, luster, color, and streak that can be used to identify them. Soil is composed of mineral grains, organic matter, and the spaces between filled with air or water. The particle size distribution of soils, from largest to smallest, includes gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Clay minerals have layered structures that give them unique properties and reactions with water important for soil behavior.

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    Week 02

    Uploaded by

    Amira Syazana
    30 views27 pages
    A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a crystalline structure and characteristic physical properties. Minerals have properties such as hardness, cleavage, luster, color, and streak that can be used to identify them. Soil is composed of mineral grains, organic matter, and the spaces between filled with air or water. The particle size distribution of soils, from largest to smallest, includes gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Clay minerals have layered structures that give them unique properties and reactions with water important for soil behavior.

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    A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a crystalline structure and characteristic physical properties. Minerals have properties such as hardness, cleavage, luster, color, and streak that can be used to identify them. Soil is composed of mineral grains, organic matter, and the spaces between filled with air or water. The particle size distribution of soils, from largest to smallest, includes gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Clay minerals have layered structures that give them unique properties and reactions with water important for soil behavior.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    30 views27 pages

    Week 02

    Uploaded by

    Amira Syazana
    A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a crystalline structure and characteristic physical properties. Minerals have properties such as hardness, cleavage, luster, color, and streak that can be used to identify them. Soil is composed of mineral grains, organic matter, and the spaces between filled with air or water. The particle size distribution of soils, from largest to smallest, includes gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Clay minerals have layered structures that give them unique properties and reactions with water important for soil behavior.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 27

    MINERAL PROPERTIES

    A Mineral is a naturally occuring, inorganic substance with crystalline structure,


    A characteristic chemical composition, and characteristic physical properties.
    Crystal ? – orderly, predictable arrangement of atoms in a substance

    A mineraloid – lack crystalline structure i.e. amorphous (e.g limonite, opal)

    Quartz crystals: composed of Limonite


    silicon and oxygen
    Cleavage planes – flat surfaces along which crystalline substances break
    because of weaknesses in the crystalline structure (weak chemical
    bonding)

    Good cleavage

    Poor cleavage

    Quartz crystals.

    Fracture surface – absence of cleavage


    Striations – straight ‘hairline’ grooves on the cleavage faces of some minerals.

    Tenacity – the manner in which a substance resists breakage. “brittle” (glass),


    “malleable” (modelling clay), “flexible” (plastic comb), “elastic” (rubber band)
    Jasper – crystals too tiny Opal - mineraloid
    Milky quartz – no cleavage

    Halite – cubic cleavage Calcite – rhombohedral Flourite – cubic crystal


    cleavage
    Hardness – a measure of resistance to scratching. A harder substance will
    scratch a softer one. Friedrich Mohs (1773-1839) developed a quantitative
    scale of mineral hardness.
    Color – one of the most noticeable properties, one of the least diagnostic
    properties in mineral identification

    Milky quartz Rose quartz


    Colorless quartz Amethyst quartz

    Streak – color of a mineral after it has been ground to a fine powder

    Luster – the manner in which the surface of a substance reflects light. “earthy”
    (concrete), “glossy” (auto paint), “metallic” (silver), “greasy” (grease), “waxy”
    (candle), “vitreous” (glass).
    Microline feldspar – 2 Albite feldspar Muscovite mica – split
    cleavage directions easily

    Pyrite – “fools gold”, Galena – high Gs, cubic


    Sphalerite – crystals, cubic cleavage
    brittle, cubic crystals
    submetallic luster
    Garnet – hard (6.5-7.5), brittle. Hematite – metallic or earthy red mass,
    Color: red, black, green red brown streak
    Streak: colorless
    MINERAL IDENTIFICATION

    Flow chart for identification of minerals and mineraloids that have no obvious
    cleavage
    Flow chart for identification of minerals and mineraloids that have obvious
    cleavage
    Commonly encountered cleavage patterns of minerals
    Properties of some minerals and
    mineraloids that have metallic or
    submetallic luster
    Properties of some dark-
    colored minerals and
    mineraloids that have a
    nonmetallic luster
    Continued ---
    Properties of some light-
    colored minerals and
    mineraloids that have a
    nonmetallic luster
    Continued --
    GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
    ORIGIN OF SOIL AND GRAIN SIZE
    Chapter 1
    Soil is defined as the uncemented aggregate of mineral grains and
    decayed organic matter (solid particles) along with the liquid and
    gas that occupy the empty spaces between the solid particles.

    18
    Soil Particle Size

    Gravel: quartz, feldspar, others Universally accepted, ASTM


    Sand: quartz, feldspar

    19
    Clay Minerals

    Silica tetrahedron

    Silica sheet

    Alumina octahedron Gibbsite sheet

    20
    Structures of (a) kaolinite (b) illite and (c) montmorillonite

    21
    In dry clay, -ve charge is
    balanced by Cations like
    Ca2+, Mg2+, etc

    When water is added,


    cations and anions float
    around the clay particles.
    This is called diffuse double
    layer

    Negative charges on the


    surfaces of clay minerals

    22
    Water molecule is polar, thus has
    a +ve charge at one side and -ve
    charge at the other side (it is
    known as dipole)

    Dipolar water is attracted both by


    the –vely charged surface of clay
    particles and by the cations in the
    double layer

    Hydrogen bonding where H atoms


    in water molecule are shared with
    O atoms on the surface of the
    clay

    Water held to clay particles by


    force of attraction = double-
    layer water

    23
    Speciific Gravity, Gs

    Gs = Unit weight of material


    Unit weight of water

    How to measure Gs?

    24
    Mechanical Analysis of Soil

    i) Sieve Analysis

    Sieve analysis Hydrometer

    25
    ii) Hydrometer

    When a soil specimen is dispersed in water, the particle


    particles settle at different velocity. What are the
    reasons?

    Stoke’s Law

    s  w 2 water
    v D
    18

    26
    ASTM 152H

    • 50g or 100g soil

    • Measure time
    L(cm)
    • Measure Length D(mm)  K
    t (min)
    • Calculate % of soil by
    weight finer than a
    given diameter
    30
    K
    (Gs  1)

    27

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