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Module1 OSI Model

The document summarizes the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol stack. It describes the 7 layers of the OSI model from the application layer down to the physical layer, explaining the functions of each layer including preparing data for transmission, encapsulation, addressing, routing, error checking, and electrical specifications. It also briefly introduces the layers of the TCP/IP protocol stack.

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bobgally911
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
26 views

Module1 OSI Model

The document summarizes the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol stack. It describes the 7 layers of the OSI model from the application layer down to the physical layer, explaining the functions of each layer including preparing data for transmission, encapsulation, addressing, routing, error checking, and electrical specifications. It also briefly introduces the layers of the TCP/IP protocol stack.

Uploaded by

bobgally911
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OSI Model

&
TCP/IP Protocol
The OSI Model
 The Open Systems Interconnection
 Standard maintained by ISO
 It’s only a model!
 Separates network transmission into 7 layers
 Prepare data to be sent Prepare data to be sent
 Reassemble data into meaningful information on the
receiving side
 Serves as a reference point to compare and
contrast real protocol suites
The 7 Layers
 Encapsulation – refers to data descending
through the layers
 In each layer, data received from the previous
layer is enclosed or wrapped in new control
layer is enclosed or wrapped in new control
information from the current layer
 Data is broken up, packaged, addressed,
sized etc. before being transmitted
The 7 layers

 From top (software) to bottom (hardware)


 Application
 Presentation
 Session
 Transport
 Network
 Data Link
 Physical
7 – Application Layer
Application
 Provides interfaces that software programs (OS & App.)
use to access the network
 APIs = Application Programming Interface
 Not the application itself!!!
 E.g. Firefox is above this layer, it interfaces with or

uses this layer


 User authentication handled at this level
 Data syntax handled at this level
 ASCII, EBCIDIC, UNICODE, etc. ASCII, EBCIDIC,

UNICODE, etc.
6 – Presentation Layer
 Translator between the user
applications/OS and the network
 Data is converted for network transfer
 From OS specific format on sending side
 Back to OS specific format on receiving side
 Can also provide data encryption and
decryption if necessary
5 – Session Layer
 Set up, coordinate and terminate
communication connection for data exchange.
 Like a phone call or traffic cop
 Provides security by ensuring that all parties
involved are authorized.
 Makes chunking of data at lower levels
transparent to applications
4 – Transport Layer
 Establishes control flow
 Chunks data for transmission
 Data from above layer called messages
 Chunks called packets
 Sequencing number on each packet
 Receiver acknowledges receipt
 Ensures reliable and complete data
transfer
 Segments and reassembles packets if
necessary
3 – Network Layer Network

 Addresses and Routes data


 Addressing – provides flexible, configurable
hierarchical addressing system (e.g. IP)
 Routing – determines the best path from source to
destination
 Works with packets
 Devices “in” this layer:
 Routers
 All other devices use software to satisfy this layer
2 – Data Link Layer
 Provides error control and synchronization
between sender and receiver
 Accomplished by transmission protocol
management
 Operates in units of frames
 Deals with collisions
 Devices “in” this layer
 Bridges, Switches, NIC’s
1 – Physical Layer

 Provides electrical and mechanical


specifications for hardware directly connected to
the media
 Operates in units of bits or electrical pulses
 Examples:
 Connectors, voltages, wire type and gauge,
electronics that transmit & receive, etc.
 Devices “in” this layer:
 hubs Cables, connectors, repeaters

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