2 - Processes
2 - Processes
Example: turbine
m1 = m2
A1Velocity1ρ1 = A2Velocity2ρ2
the volume flow rate is maintained.
the velocity of the substance is held to a
constant velocity.
is the capacity to produce an effect, the various
form in which it appears can be defined with
precision or simply the capacity to do work. It is a
scalar quantity.
1Btu = 778 ft-lb
1 Btu = 1.055 KJ
1 Btu = 0.252 Kcal
1 Kcal = 4.187 KJ
1KJ = 1000 N.m
Power Conversion:
1 hp= 0.746 KW
= 550 ft-lb/s
= 2545 BTU/hr
BTU – is the quantity of heat required to
change the temperature of 1 lb of water by
1oF from 600F to 610F.
is the amount of heat needed to change the
temperature of 1 g of water by 1oC from
15.6oC to16.6oC.
often shortened to specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy
required to increase the temperature of a unit quantity of a substance
by a unit of temperature. For example, the heat energy required to
raise water’s temperature one kelvin degree (equal to 1 degree
Celsius) is 4186 joules per kilogram
The specific heat capacity represents the
amount of energy required to raise 1 kg by
1oC, and can be thought of as the ability of a
substance to absorb heat. Therefore the SI
units of specific heat capacity are kJ/kg K
(kJ/kg oC). Water has a very large specific
heat capacity (4.19 kJ/kg oC) compared with
many fluids.
Water is a good heat carrier!
Constant volume specific heat (Cv)- is the
change of molecular internal energy u for a
unit mass per degree of change of
temperature when the end states are
equilibrium states of the same volume.
k = cp/cv
Where:
M = number of moles
Example:
Ammonia: NH3 (M=17)
Carbon Dioxide: CO2 (M=44)
Oxygen: O2 (M=32)
Air: (M = 28.97)
1.
𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏𝑓
A perfect gas has a value of R = 58.8
𝑙𝑏𝑚 −𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑅
and k = 1.26. If 20 BTU are added to 5 lb of
this gas at constant volume when the initial
temperature is 90degF, find the final
temperature in degF.
4.
PV = mRT
Where:
P=absolute pressure R = universal gas constant
V = volume T= absolute temperature
M = mass
1. P1V1 = P2V2 , T = constant
Developed by Robert Boyle